Module 2: Carbohydrates Obj. 6 Flashcards
3 causes of hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus
insufficient insulin secretion
defective insulin action
target tissue insulin resistance
typical findings in diabetes mellitus
hyperglycaemia, glycosuria, increased urine specific gravity, increased serum and urine osmolality, ketonemia and ketonuria, acidosis in blood and urine, electrolytes abnormal
polyuria (increased volume), polydipsia (increased thirst), polyphagia (increased hunger), rapid weight loss, hyperventilation, mental confusion
Describe the disorder in type I diabetes mellitus
insulin deficiency
Describe the disorder in Type II diabetes mellitus
insulin resistance
Compare and contrast Type I and type II
on study sheet
list the complications associated with diabetes mellitus
heart disease, microvascular damage to kidneys, retina of eyes and to peripheral and autonomic nerves with loss of sensation in extremities (which may become infected and gangrenous)
list the criteria for diagnosing diabetes mellitus
two of the following on different days:
Fasting glucose more than 7.0mmol/L
2hPP glucose more than 11.1mmol/L
Random glucose more than 11.1mmol/L (with symptoms)
HbA1C greater than/equal to 6.5%
state the analyte useful for long term monitoring of blood glucose levels and the time frame it is useful for
HbA1C
60-90 days
state the testing performed on urine for diabetic patients and what it is used for
urine microalbumin
briefly describe the formation of ketones in Type I diabetes mellitus
excess glucose in blood doesn’t move into extra hepatic tissues at the normal rate. Lipolysis is stimulated and causes lipemia uptake by hepatic cells. Acetyl groups them formed in excess and due to lack of insulin, they form cholesterol and ketones
list the common findings in ketoacidosis
hyperglycaemia, acidosis, ketonuria, glycosuria, door of acetone on the breath, dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
