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Forensic Veterinary Osteology > Module 2: Animals And Structures > Flashcards

Module 2: Animals And Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Process

A

Bony prominence

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2
Q

Eminence

A

Bony projection, not as prominent as process

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3
Q

Spine

A

Long, thin process

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4
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large, roughened eminence, often tendon/ligament attachment site

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5
Q

Tubercle

A

Small, roughened eminence

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6
Q

Boss

A

Smooth, round, broad eminence

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7
Q

Articulation

A

Area where adjacent bones are in contact; joint

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8
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded articular process

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9
Q

Epicondyle

A

Non-articulate projection adjacent to a condyle

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10
Q

Head

A

Large, round, usually articular end of a bone

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11
Q

Shaft

A

Long, straight section of bone

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12
Q

Neck

A

Section of bone between the head and shaft

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13
Q

Torus

A

Bony thickening

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14
Q

Ridge

A

Linear bone elevation

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15
Q

Crest

A

Sharp, thin bone ridge often found between adjacent muscle masses

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16
Q

Line

A

Raised linear surface not as thick as a torus or as sharp as a crest

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17
Q

Facet

A

Small articular surface

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18
Q

Fossa

A

A typically broad and shallow depressed area

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19
Q

Fovea

A

Pitlike depression, smaller than a fossa

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20
Q

Groove

A

Long pit or furrow

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21
Q

Sulcus

A

Long, wide groove

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22
Q

Fontanelle

A

Space between cranial bones of an infant or immature individual

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23
Q

Suture

A

Where adjacent bones of the skull meet or articulate

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24
Q

Foramen

A

An opening through a bone, usually a blood vessel/nerve passes through

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25
Q

Canal

A

Tunnel-like, extended foramen

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26
Q

Meatus

A

A short canal

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27
Q

Sinus

A

Cavity within a cranial bone

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28
Q

Alveolus

A

Tooth socket

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29
Q

Which bone is the most diagnostic of a species?

A

Skull

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30
Q

Bones can be what?

A

Paired or unpaired

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31
Q

Midline/axial bones tend to be what?

A

Unpaired

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32
Q

Skull bones can be what?

A

Paired or unpaired

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33
Q

Cranium bones

A

Major bones of mammal skulls, variation found in birds, reptiles, fish, etc.

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34
Q

Paired bones of the Cranium

A

Frontal (Unpaired in some species), Nasals, Maxillae, Pre-maxillae/incisives, lacrimals, parietal, temporals, zygomatics/jugals, palatines, pterygoid, mandible (often paired, can fuse), inferior nasal conchae

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35
Q

Unpaired bones of the cranium

A

Occipital complex-supraoccipital/exoccipital/basioccipital, sphenoid complex-prespenoid/basisphenoid, Vomer, Ethmoid

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36
Q

Vertebra

A

Cervical (usually 7)
Thoracic (usually 12-the ribs articulate)
Lumbar (usually 4-6)
Sacral (4-6 fused to form sacrum)
Coccygeal (varies)

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37
Q

Clavicle

A

Present in some mammals, maybe vestigial/absent.

38
Q

Os coxae

A

Hip bones-sacrum and os coxae usually fuse

39
Q

Scapula

A

Shoulder blade

40
Q

Humerus

A

Upper arm

41
Q

Radius

A

Forearm

42
Q

Ulna

A

Forearm

43
Q

What can the radius and ulna do in many species?

A

Fuse

44
Q

Carpals

A

Wrist

45
Q

8 carpals

A

Radial (1)
Ulnar (1)
Intermediate (1-can fuse to radial)
Distal (2-4)
Accessory (1)

46
Q

Metacarpals

A

Hand/forepaw, often 5, sometimes 1

47
Q

Phalanges

A

Fingers

48
Q

Types of phalanges

A

Proximal, intermediate, distal
Total: 14

49
Q

How many phalanges does the first digit have?

A

2-proximal and distal

50
Q

Femur

A

Upper leg

51
Q

Tibia

A

Lower leg

52
Q

Fibula

A

Lower leg-can be fused to tibia

53
Q

Tarsals

A

Ankle

54
Q

7 tarsals

A

Talus/astragalus (1)
Calcaneus (1)
Central (1)
Distal (2-4, can fuse)

55
Q

Metatarsals

A

Foot/hind paw, often 5, sometimes 1

56
Q

Phalanges

A

Toes, typically 14

57
Q

Diphyodont

A

Two sets of teeth-deciduous and adult

58
Q

Polyphyodonts

A

Multiple sets of teeth in a lifetime

59
Q

Teeth categories

A

Incisors, canines, premolars, molars

60
Q

Heterodonts

A

Animals with 2+ types of teeth

61
Q

Homodonts

A

Animals with one type of tooth

62
Q

Incisors

A

Small, chisel-shaped teeth with a single cusp and root; nipping, scraping and tearing

63
Q

Artiodactyls

A

Even-toed ungulates (pigs, cattle, deer)

64
Q

Canines

A

Conical and single cusped with a single root; puncture, hold, tear

65
Q

Premolars and molars

A

Premolars-single/double rooted, narrow or elongated
Molars-2+ roots, rear of mouth, larger, square and wide
Chewing and grinding

66
Q

Dental formula

A

I:C:P:M
i:c:p:m or d in front to signify deciduous
Total: teeth in formula x2
Ex: 1/1:0/0:2/1:3/3

67
Q

Horse’s first premolar

A

Wolf teeth

68
Q

Dog 4th upper premolar and lower 1st molar

A

Sectorial/carnassial teeth
Form shearing complex

69
Q

Supernumerary

A

Additional teeth

70
Q

Do adults or young have more teeth in mammals?

A

Adults-less deciduous teeth
Dogs have no 1st premolar or any molars

71
Q

Position of teeth indicated by:

A

Numbers
Incisors 1-3
Canines 1
Premolars 1-4
Molars 1-4

72
Q

What do you place in front of tooth “number”

A

R or L for right or left

73
Q

Superscript

A

Maxilla

74
Q

Subscript

A

Mandible

75
Q

Dental #s simplified

A

Start in upper right quadrant and end in lower right
101-110 right upper
201-210 left upper
301-311 left lower
401-411 right lower

76
Q

Cusps

A

Occlusal projections on upper and lower molars

77
Q

Cusps on upper teeth

A

-cone

78
Q

Cusps on lower teeth

A

-conid

79
Q

Cusplets on upper teeth

A

-style/-conule

80
Q

Cusplets on lower teeth

A

-stylid/-conulid

81
Q

Protocone

A

Mesiolingual cusp on upper molar, largest cusp

82
Q

Hypocone

A

Distolingual cusp on upper molar

83
Q

Paracone

A

Mesiobuccal cusp on upper molar

84
Q

Metacone

A

Distobuccal cusp on upper molar

85
Q

Protoconid

A

Mesiobuccal cusp on lower molar, largest cusp

86
Q

Hypoconid

A

Distobuccal cusp on lower molar

87
Q

Metaconid

A

Mesiolingual cusp on lower molar

88
Q

Entoconid

A

Distolingual cusp on lower molar

89
Q

Hypoconulid

A

Distalmost cusp on lower molar, highly variable

90
Q

Paraconid

A

Mesialmost cusp on lower molar, highly variable even in a single individual

Forensic Veterinary Osteology (14 decks)

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