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Forensic Veterinary Osteology > Module 1: Bone Biology, Skeletal Development & Anatomical Terms > Flashcards

Module 1: Bone Biology, Skeletal Development & Anatomical Terms Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of bone?

A

90% Protein (Collagen) and Mineral (hydroxyapatite)

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2
Q

How are bones formed?

A

Osteoblasts

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3
Q

Where are osteoblasts found?

A

Underneath the periosteum of bone

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4
Q

Periosteum

A

Thin membrane on the outer surface of bone

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5
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Resorb or remove bone that is unnecessary

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6
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

Bone is laid down where it is needed and resorbed where it is not

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7
Q

What is the first step in a forensic investigation?

A

Determining remains are bone vs other material

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8
Q

What is the second step in a forensic investigation?

A

Determining animal vs human bone

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9
Q

How do you differentiate bone from non-bone?

A

Gross inspection, screening with 1/4” mesh, flotation, etc.

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10
Q

Taphonomy

A

Environmental or human changes after death

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11
Q

Radiography

A

Bone is usually more radio-opaque than sticks, plastic, other materials, so x-raying remains is a good way to sift through remains

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12
Q

General microscopic analysis

A

Demonstrates texture and structure of bone that can be useful in ID

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13
Q

ALS (Alternative light source)

A

Using shortwave light to ID bone-bone fluoresces

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14
Q

Histological analysis

A

Can show microstructures which can help identify bone and tooth. Requires thin sectioning of bone.

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15
Q

Elemental analysis

A

SEM/EDS or XRF to assess calcium and phosphorus content of materials

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16
Q

Human bone

A

Textured, concentrated trabecular structures at ends of bones

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17
Q

Mammal bone

A

Smooth in appearance, slight wood grain pattern, more homogeneous trabecular distribution

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18
Q

Bird bone

A

smooth appearance, thin/less dense trabeculae

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19
Q

Reptile bone

A

Smooth appearance, little to no trabecular bone, dense cortical bone

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20
Q

When remains are fragmentary, what is the most helpful way to analyze materials?

A

Microscopic analysis

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21
Q

Non-human bone

A

Usually non-Haversian and more linear. Fibrolamellar, laminar, or plexiform bone.

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22
Q

How do mammal bones grow

A

In diameter very rapidly, as opposed to in length slowly

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23
Q

Plexiform bone

A

Brick-like appearance or linear

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24
Q

Haversian systems

A

Near muscle attachment sites in large mammals, consist of concentric rings oriented along the long axis of the bone

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25
Q

Fibrolamellar bone

A

Layered/sandwiched and consisting of alternating Haversian and lamellar banding patterns, rarely in humans

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26
Q

PRIA

A

radioimmunoassay, used to ID species proteins/DNA

27
Q

Osteocytes

A

Living bone cells. Growing bones are high in these, resulting in woven appearance “woven bone”

28
Q

Immature bone

A

“Woven bone.” Random collagen fibers, porous and disorganized

29
Q

Mature bone

A

Organized, more uniform

30
Q

Where is immature bone found after growth?

A

Fracture repairs and bone tumors

31
Q

Compact bone (dense/cortical bone)

A

Found in the outer shaft of long bones or joints. Contains Haversian canals for nutrients to flow.

32
Q

Subchondral bone

A

Found on the joint surfaces, covered by cartilage. Smooth and shiny appearance

33
Q

Trabecular bone (spongy/cancellous)

A

Fed by blood vessels within marrow cavity. Porous/honeycomb structure. Tightly packed at joint ends of bone. Strut system for support while making bones not heavy

34
Q

Bone growth

A

Deposition of bone on preexisting surface or tissue

35
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Ossification that occurs within a tissue membrane. Predominantly in skull bones

36
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Occurs along a cartilaginous model. Base of skull and post-cranial elements

37
Q

Long bones

A

Grow in length and width

38
Q

Appositional growth

A

Allows the shaft to enlarge

39
Q

Epiphyseal plates

A

Allow for longitudinal growth

40
Q

Diaphysis

A

Bone shaft

41
Q

Epiphysis

A

End/joint surfaces

42
Q

Physis

A

Growth plate

43
Q

Where does bone growth occur?

A

diaphyseal side of plate until full shaft length reached, then fusion begins

44
Q

Cranial

A

Towards head

45
Q

Caudal

A

Towards tail

46
Q

Rostral

A

Towards nose when referencing skull

47
Q

Ventral

A

Towards belly or ground, down

48
Q

Dorsal

A

Towards back or sky, up

49
Q

Medial

A

Towards midline

50
Q

Lateral

A

Away from midline

51
Q

Proximal

A

Near axial skeleton (limbs)

52
Q

Distal

A

Farther from axial skeleton (limbs)

53
Q

Volar

A

Superior/anterior surface of paw or foot

54
Q

Plantar

A

Interior/posterior surface of paw or foot

55
Q

Axial

A

Head, ribs, vertebra

56
Q

Appendicular

A

Appendages, arms, legs, sockets

57
Q

Mesial

A

Towards midline or central incisors

58
Q

Distal

A

Away from the midline

59
Q

Lingual

A

Towards tongue

60
Q

Labial

A

Towards lips (anterior teeth/incisors)

61
Q

Buccal

A

Towards cheeks (posterior teeth/molars)

62
Q

Interproximal

A

Between two teeth

63
Q

Occlusal

A

Chewing surface, incisal surface on incisors

Forensic Veterinary Osteology (6 decks)

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