Module 15: Health And Pathology Trauma Flashcards
Differential diagnosis
Consider biases
-disease models developed based on # of factors, key variables that distinguish between diseases, careful observation of abnormal processes in bone
Model will not always fit
Infection or trauma
2 bony signs of infection: periostitis/osteomyelitis
Myositis ossificans traumatica can be found in cases of trauma of muscles/bones
-bony dev in muscle tx
Periostitis
Periosteal growth due to infection/trauma
-subperiosteum
Less severe
Woven bone in unhealed/undulating or inflated in healed
Typically 1 bone, can be systemic
Rarely death
Osteomyelitis
Periosteal and endosteal growth due to infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
More severe
Presence of cloaca (openings in bone) or sequestration and restriction of medullary cavity
Can cause death
Dental infection
Abscesses-result of tooth/soft tx infection spread to bone
Expansion of bone and smooth margin=long term issue
Stress/poor nutrition/health
Decreased tooth/body size
Fluctuating asymmetry-differing sizes L to R
Linear enamel hypoplasia-cessation of growth in teeth, grooves or lines
Harris lines-cessation of growth in long bones, can disappear as animal ages
^ incidence of spina bifida
Iron deficiency anemia, rickets, etc
Osteoporosis
Osteoarthritis
Repetitive trauma, activity, age
3 components: breakdown of articular cartilage resulting in bone on bone, reactive bone formation on subchondral compact bone and in underlying trabeculae, new growth of cartilage and bone at joint margins (osteophytes)
Eburnation-often appears as shiny area on joint surface
Osteophytes or lipping of joint
Trauma analysis
Determine if trauma is ante, peri, or postmortem
Antemortem trauma
Evidence of healing typical
Time of this variable and length of time for humans debated, but note health and age play a role
Perimortem trauma
Greenstick fxs-bones pliable, bends and then breaks
Bones break in predictable patern
Trauma categories
BFT: non-penetrating from impact w dull, firm object; discontinuities and fxs, plastic deformation, fx radiate from point of impact (except rib where at point of tension)
SFT: penetrating from object w point; well-defined traumatic separation of tx, stab-deep/narrow, slash-shallow/long, chop-both sft/bft
Projectile: injury caused by moving object
Fire-related: typically postmortem to destroy evidence
Dismemberment and Butchering
Dismemberment
-Attempt to destroy evidence or dispose of body
-Leaves tons of evidence-distinct markings
Butchering
-non-human cases
Projectile trauma
Size and shape depends on type of projectile
Most common projectile is bullet
GSWs: entrance or exit beveling entrance internal beveling, exit external; lower caliber weapons less damage
Fire trauma
Bodies burn in predictable pattern, periphery to core
Surfaces more well-protected burn last/slower
Bone shrinks and warps
-fleshed bone-“cupped” fx pattern caused by breakage as fire progresses along bone shaft
-unfleshed bone-erratic pattern, longitudinal fx common
Fx due to fire damage cannot cross into unburned bone-fx in unburned=perimortem or unrelated to fire damage
Postmortem trauma
Scavenger damage, trampling, burning, breakage during excavation/recovery
Last easiest to recognize-bone at fx different color bc of exposure time
