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Research > Module 2: 3 Research Designs > Flashcards

Module 2: 3 Research Designs Flashcards

0
Q

Prognosis: P stands for

A

Population of interest

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1
Q

Evaluate likelihood of outcomes developing over time in patients with a particular condition. “What is the chance of dying?” “What are the complications?”

A

Prognosis articles

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2
Q

Prognosis: E stands for

A

Exposure/Prognostic factor

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3
Q

Prognosis: O stands for

A

Outcome/Complication of interest

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4
Q

Factors which are associated with causing a condition

A

Risk factor

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5
Q

Factors which in people have the condition, influence the outcome

A

Prognostic factor

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6
Q

Refers to its possible outcomes and the likelihood that each one will occur

A

Prognosis of a disease

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7
Q

Is a patient characteristic that can predict that patient’s eventual outcome

A

Prognostic factor

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8
Q

Examples of Prognostic factor

A

Comorbid, Demographic & Disease-specific “CDD”

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9
Q

Age is an example of

A

Demographic

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10
Q

Other conditions present like heart failure is an example of

A

Comorbid

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11
Q

Tumor stage is an example of

A

Disease-specific

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12
Q

Are the number of events that occur over time

A

Prognostic results

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13
Q

Prognostic result is expressed in

A

Survival curves, Absolute terms & Relative terms “SAR”

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14
Q

5 year survival rate is an example of

A

Absolute term

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15
Q

Risk from prognostic factor is an example of

A

Relative terms

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16
Q

Cumulative events over time is an example of

A

Survival curves

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17
Q

Is a series of horizontal steps of declining magnitude. May represent true survival function for that population of a large enough sample was taken into account.

A

Plot of Kaplan-Meier estimate of the survival function

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18
Q

Advantage of Kaplan-Meier: takes into account some types censored data, particularly _______, which occurs if a patient withdraws from a study.

A

Right-censoring

19
Q

Indicate losses, where a patient’s survival time has been right-censored.

A

Small vertical tick-marks

20
Q

Tries to establish if a particular exposure is responsible for causing an undesirable outcome.

A

Harm articles

21
Q

Harm: P stands for

A

Population might be at risk

22
Q

Harm: E stands for

A

Potentially harmful exposure

23
Q

Harm: O stands for

A

Outcome that these exposures might cause

24
Q

Study designs used in Prognosis & Harm

A

Cohort studies, Case control studies, Correlational designs & Case series

25
Q

Best design to use. Data are obtained from groups who have been exposed, or not exposed, to the new technology or factor of interest (ex: from databases) No allocation of _______ is made by the researcher. Best for studying the effect of predictive risk factors on an outcome.

A

Cohort. Exposure.

26
Q

Cohort advantages: ________ safe.

A

Ethically

27
Q

Cohort advantages: exposure may be linked to a

A

Hidden confounder

28
Q

Cohort advantages: ________ is difficult.

A

Blinding

29
Q

Cohort advantages: ________ not present.

A

Randomization

30
Q

Cohort advantages: for rare disease, large __________ or long follow-up necessary.

A

Sample sizes

31
Q

Patients with a certain outcome or disease and an appropriate group of controls without the outcome of disease are selected (usually with careful considerations of appropriate choice of controls, matching & etc) and the info is obtained on whether the subjects have been exposed to the factor under investigation.

A

Case-control

32
Q

Case-control advantages: _______ subjects needed than cross-sectional studies. _______ & _______.

A

Fewer. Quick & Cheap.

33
Q

Case-control advantages: only ________ method for very rare disorders or those with ________ between exposure and outcome.m

A

Feasible. Long lag.

34
Q

Case-control Disadvantages: reliance on ___________ to determine exposure status.

A

Recall/Records

35
Q

Case-control Disadvantages: Confounders. Selection of control groups is ________. Potential bias: _______ & ________.

A

Difficult. Recall & Selection.

36
Q

Systematic investigation of relationships among two or more variables, without necessarily determining cause and effect.

A

Correlational studies

37
Q

Indicate that an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other variable.

A

Negative correlation

38
Q

Indicate that an increase in one variable is associated with a increase in the other variable.

A

Positive correlation

39
Q

Correlational advantages: _______ safe. ______ & _____.

A

Ethically. Cheap & Simple.

40
Q

Correlational Disadvantages: establishes ________ at most, not causality. _________ susceptibility.

A

Association. Recall bias.

41
Q

Correlational advantages: ________ may be unequally distributed. _____ bias. Group sizes may be _______.

A

Confounders. Neyman. Unequal.

42
Q

Lurking variables can change the association. (Refer on handout for example)

A

Simpson’s paradox

43
Q

An incidence-prevalence bias. Arises when a gap in time occurs between exposure and selection of study participants. This bias crops up in studies of diseases that are quickly fatal, transient, or subclinical. Creates a case group not representative of cases in the community.

A

Neyman Bias

44
Q

Merely tracks patients or subjects with the same exposure. Limited to a number of patients only unlike cohort studies. ________ & _______ cases are discussed & presented.

A

Case series. Coherent & Consecutive.

45
Q

Case series advantage: for _____ & _____ diseases. Ethical. Cheap and simple.

A

Rare & new.

46
Q

Case series Disadvantage: ________ susceptibility. Confounders.

A

Selection bias

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