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Research > Module 2: 1 Types Of Clinical Studies > Flashcards

Module 2: 1 Types Of Clinical Studies Flashcards

0
Q

Type of Analytical study

A

Case-control study & Cohort study

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1
Q

Type of Descriptive study

A

Case series & Cross-sectional survey

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2
Q

Type of Experimental study

A

Clinical trials

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3
Q

Subjects recruited based on disease status to exposure status. _________ in nature.

A

Case-control study. Retrospective.

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4
Q

“What happened” for rare diseases. Illnesses with long latency periods and evaluation of a wide range of potential etiologic exposure.

A

Case-control study

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5
Q

Means a group of subjects followed over a period of time. Main objectives?

A

Cohort. Descriptive & Analytical

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6
Q

In cohort studies, this is to analyze associations between risk factors and those outcomes.

A

Analytical

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7
Q

In cohort studies, this is to describe the incidence of certain outcomes over time.

A

Descriptive

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8
Q

Type of Cohort study: recruitment of subjects based on exposure status then to disease status.

A

Prospective Cohort study

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9
Q

Type of Cohort study: selection of subjects based on exposure status then records review to disease status.

A

Retrospective Cohort study

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10
Q

Most effective way to establish the temporal sequence of predictor outcome variables.

A

Prospective cohort study

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11
Q

“What will happen” Sample of subjects without the outcome of interest. Subjects followed over a period of time.

A

Prospective Cohort study

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12
Q

Sample of subjects with the outcome of interest. Similar to the prospective cohort study except that baseline measurements, follow up and outcomes all happened in the ______. Only possible if there is adequate data on the risk factors and outcomes.

A

Retrospective Cohort study. Past.

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13
Q

Exposure status and disease status are measured at one point in time. Useful for chronic illness (gradual onset, long duration). Prevalence studies. Less costly than cohort studies.

A

Cross sectional studies

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14
Q

Experimental studies in Humans

A

Clinical trials

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15
Q

To draw conclusions about a procedure or treatment. To determine whether there is a difference between different groups.

A

Purpose of Experiments

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16
Q

Experimental drug or procedure is compared with another drug or procedure (placebo or another drug)

A

Controlled trials

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17
Q

Studies in which the investigator’s experience with a drug or treatment is described. No comparison with another group.

A

Uncontrolled trials

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18
Q

The direct comparison of two or more treatment modalities in human groups. A method of evaluating treatment. Uses the experimental design.

A

Clinical trials

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19
Q

Subjects exposed to the treatment and to a comparator. (Placebo/standard treatment) subjects and researchers “blinded” to the actual exposure. Specific outcomes are measures and compared using statistical analysis to determine significant effects.

A

Clinical trials

20
Q

Formula for Rt (treatment group)

A

Rt= A / A+B

21
Q

Formula for Rc (control group)

A

RC= C / C+D

22
Q

Formula for Relative Risk

A

RR= Rt / Rc

23
Q

Risk of disease with treatment relative to control

A

Relative Risk “RR”

24
Q

The risk difference between control and treatment group

A

Absolute Risk Reduction “ARR”

25
Q

Formula for Absolute Risk Reduction

A

ARR= Rc - Rt

27
Q

Formula for Relative Risk Reduction

A

RRR= ARR / Rc

28
Q

Formula for Number Needed to Treat

A

NNT= 1 / ARR

29
Q

To increase the probability of disease towards 100%. May affect treatment plans or subsequent diagnostic tests. When the estimated likelihood of a disease is close to 100%, the disease is confirmed.

A

Diagnostic test

30
Q

The clinical decision making process is based on

A

Probabilities

31
Q

The most definitive diagnostic method is referred to as the

A

Gold standard

32
Q

Histolopathologic confirmation or biopsy for

A

Cancer

33
Q

Blood glucose test for

A

Diabetes

34
Q

+AFB smear/culture for

A

Tuberculosis

35
Q

BMA for

A

Leukemia

36
Q

Serum Hgb for

A

Anemia

37
Q

Echocardiography for

A

LVH

38
Q

Must be sensitive

A

Screening test

39
Q

Must be specific

A

Confirmatory test

40
Q

The point at which a test changes from negative to positive

A

Cutoff point

41
Q

Components of accuracy

A

Sensitivity & Specificity

42
Q

Estimates of Probability

A

PPV, NPV & LR

43
Q

6 Congenital Diseases

A

Congenital Hypothyroidism, Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, Phenyketonuria, G6PD, Galactosemia & Maple syrup syndrome

44
Q

Studies on Diagnostic testing measures of

A

Accuracy & Reliability

45
Q

Are descriptors of the accuracy of a test

A

Specificity & Sensitivity

46
Q

Test with a high _______ are useful clinically to rule out a disease.

A

Sensitivity

47
Q

Test with a high _________ are used to confirm the presence of disease.

A

Specificity

73
Q

Decreased risk for developing disease due to treatment

A

Relative Risk Reduction “RRR”

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