Module 2: 1 Types Of Clinical Studies

Question 0

Type of Analytical study

Answer 0

Case-control study & Cohort study

Question 1

Type of Descriptive study

Answer 1

Case series & Cross-sectional survey

Question 2

Type of Experimental study

Answer 2

Clinical trials

Question 3

Subjects recruited based on disease status to exposure status. _________ in nature.

Answer 3

Case-control study. Retrospective.

Question 4

“What happened” for rare diseases. Illnesses with long latency periods and evaluation of a wide range of potential etiologic exposure.

Answer 4

Case-control study

Question 5

Means a group of subjects followed over a period of time. Main objectives?

Answer 5

Cohort. Descriptive & Analytical

Question 6

In cohort studies, this is to analyze associations between risk factors and those outcomes.

Answer 6

Analytical

Question 7

In cohort studies, this is to describe the incidence of certain outcomes over time.

Answer 7

Descriptive

Question 8

Type of Cohort study: recruitment of subjects based on exposure status then to disease status.

Answer 8

Prospective Cohort study

Question 9

Type of Cohort study: selection of subjects based on exposure status then records review to disease status.

Answer 9

Retrospective Cohort study

Question 10

Most effective way to establish the temporal sequence of predictor outcome variables.

Answer 10

Prospective cohort study

Question 11

“What will happen” Sample of subjects without the outcome of interest. Subjects followed over a period of time.

Answer 11

Prospective Cohort study

Question 12

Sample of subjects with the outcome of interest. Similar to the prospective cohort study except that baseline measurements, follow up and outcomes all happened in the ______. Only possible if there is adequate data on the risk factors and outcomes.

Answer 12

Retrospective Cohort study. Past.

Question 13

Exposure status and disease status are measured at one point in time. Useful for chronic illness (gradual onset, long duration). Prevalence studies. Less costly than cohort studies.

Answer 13

Cross sectional studies

Question 14

Experimental studies in Humans

Answer 14

Clinical trials

Question 15

To draw conclusions about a procedure or treatment. To determine whether there is a difference between different groups.

Answer 15

Purpose of Experiments

Question 16

Experimental drug or procedure is compared with another drug or procedure (placebo or another drug)

Answer 16

Controlled trials

Question 17

Studies in which the investigator’s experience with a drug or treatment is described. No comparison with another group.

Answer 17

Uncontrolled trials

Question 18

The direct comparison of two or more treatment modalities in human groups. A method of evaluating treatment. Uses the experimental design.

Answer 18

Clinical trials

Question 19

Subjects exposed to the treatment and to a comparator. (Placebo/standard treatment) subjects and researchers “blinded” to the actual exposure. Specific outcomes are measures and compared using statistical analysis to determine significant effects.

Answer 19

Clinical trials

Question 20

Formula for Rt (treatment group)

Answer 20

Rt= A / A+B

Question 21

Formula for Rc (control group)

Answer 21

RC= C / C+D

Question 22

Formula for Relative Risk

Answer 22

RR= Rt / Rc

Question 23

Risk of disease with treatment relative to control

Answer 23

Relative Risk “RR”

Question 24

The risk difference between control and treatment group

Answer 24

Absolute Risk Reduction "ARR"

Question 25

Formula for Absolute Risk Reduction

Answer 25

ARR= Rc - Rt

Question 27

Formula for Relative Risk Reduction

Answer 27

RRR= ARR / Rc

Question 28

Formula for Number Needed to Treat

Answer 28

NNT= 1 / ARR

Question 29

To increase the probability of disease towards 100%. May affect treatment plans or subsequent diagnostic tests. When the estimated likelihood of a disease is close to 100%, the disease is confirmed.

Answer 29

Diagnostic test

Question 30

The clinical decision making process is based on

Answer 30

Probabilities

Question 31

The most definitive diagnostic method is referred to as the

Answer 31

Gold standard

Question 32

Histolopathologic confirmation or biopsy for

Answer 32

Cancer

Question 33

Blood glucose test for

Answer 33

Diabetes

Question 34

+AFB smear/culture for

Answer 34

Tuberculosis

Question 35

BMA for

Answer 35

Leukemia

Question 36

Serum Hgb for

Answer 36

Anemia

Question 37

Echocardiography for

Answer 37

LVH

Question 38

Must be sensitive

Answer 38

Screening test

Question 39

Must be specific

Answer 39

Confirmatory test

Question 40

The point at which a test changes from negative to positive

Answer 40

Cutoff point

Question 41

Components of accuracy

Answer 41

Sensitivity & Specificity

Question 42

Estimates of Probability

Answer 42

PPV, NPV & LR

Question 43

6 Congenital Diseases

Answer 43

Congenital Hypothyroidism, Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, Phenyketonuria, G6PD, Galactosemia & Maple syrup syndrome

Question 44

Studies on Diagnostic testing measures of

Answer 44

Accuracy & Reliability

Question 45

Are descriptors of the accuracy of a test

Answer 45

Specificity & Sensitivity

Question 46

Test with a high _______ are useful clinically to rule out a disease.

Answer 46

Sensitivity

Question 47

Test with a high _________ are used to confirm the presence of disease.

Answer 47

Specificity

Question 73

Decreased risk for developing disease due to treatment

Answer 73

Relative Risk Reduction "RRR"