Module 2 .2 Biological Molecules Flashcards
what is chemical formula for glucose ?
C6H12O6
What is the structure of a glucose ?
on the A glucose the OH group on C I IS BELOW the carbon ring
what is the structure of beta glucose ?
the glucose the OH group on c 1 is above the Carbon ring
link structure of glucose to its function ?
small - easily transported across membraned by facilitaed diffusion
Polar - dissolves in the cytoplasm of a cell and in the liquid transport medium in blood can be trnaported around the body
EASILY BROKEN DOWN - to release energy
glucose+glucose (a)
Maltose(disaccharides)
glucose +fructose
sucrose
glucose+galactose
lactose
give example of a pentose monosaccharide ?
5 c atoms
RIBOSE
DEOXYRIBOSE
WHAT IS THE KEY difference between ribose and deoxyribose ?
Presence of O in Carbon 2 in Ribose
give examples of Polysaccharides ?
- Starch
- glycogen
-cellulose
how many polysaccharides is starch is made of
made of two different polysaccharides
-amylose
-Amylopectin
what is the difference between amylose and amylopectin?
-Amylose - coiled
-joined using 1,4 glycosidic bonds
AMYLOPECTIN-A branched molecule
joined by 1,4 .1,6 glycosidic bonds
link structure of strach to function ?
- compact lots of glucose can be stored inside the cells
inslouble - doesn’t affect water potential of the cell
branched - free ends for enzymes to attach - glucose can be removed quickly for respiration .
what is the structure of glycogen ?
-made of a-glucose
-joined by 1-4 1,6 glycosidic bonds
- Highly branched
link structure of glycogen to its function ?
compact
lots of glucose for aerobic +anaerobic respiration
insoluble - doesn’t dissolve in solvent prevents damage
branched -lots of free ends for enzyme to attach
what is cellulose made up of
-Beta glucose
-joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds
-
why does every second beta glucose must be flipped in cellulose
for the OH group to be next to each other
- produces Straight Chain
what are lipids ?
-non polar molecules
- insoluble
-complex Macromolecules
not polymers
what makes triglycerides ?
1 glycerol
3 fatty acids
- fatty acids joined by ESTER BONDS
What is esterification ?
glycerol molecule
3fatty acids joined by condensation
what does the term saturated refers to ?
all possible bonds with hydrogen atoms have been made
what is monunsaturated
one double bond between carbons in chain- bends
what is polyunsaturated ?
more than one double bond between carbons
what does the double nond in fatty acids cause
kinks -chains bend
- cannot pack together tightly
- becomes unsaturated e.g oil
link structure of triglycerides to its function
- High chemical energy content of bonds -bonds are broken down to release large quantities of energy - energy storage molecule
- insoluble -easy to access doesn’t affect water potential of cells
surronds vital organs - cushions and protects organ from damage
provides buoyancy - essesntail for aquatic organisms e.g whales
what are the roles of lipids
hormone production
-electrical insulation around neurones
- long term energy storage
-thermal insulation
protection -cushions viatl organs
-buoyancy
- waterproofing - in bird feathers
how are phospholipids differ from lipids ?
phospholipids have phospate group , and 2 fatty acids
- hydrophilic and
hydrophobic
- soluble
link structure of phospholipids to its function ?
hydrophobic /hydrophilic interactions - forms a Bilayer of membrane formation
- separates the aqueous environment outside of the cell and cytoplasm
give an exmaple of sterols
-Cholesterol
made by liver and intestines
link structure of cholesterol to its function?
hydrophilic and hydrophobic - suitable to sit in the membrane of cells
- stabilise the structure
REGULATES THE FLUIDITY OF MEMBRANE
what are vitamin D , STERIOD , Hormones , biles made from?
-CHolesterol
what is the monomer of proteins ?
amino acids
what is the name of the bond which joins two amino acids together ?
peptide bond
what are the structure of amino acids ?
Amine group
-R GROUP
- CARBOXYLIC GROUP
How many different amino acids are commonly found in the cell ?
20
- 5 are non essential
9 are essential obtained from what we eat
6 conditionally essential - needed in infants and growing children
what are the level structure of protein
primary
- secondary
tertiary
-quaternary
what is the primary structure of a protein ?
Sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain
- held by peptide bonds
what is the secondary structure of proteins ?
initial folding
hydrogen bond formed between
NH and OH group from cooh
- bonds within a single polypeptide chain causes coililng leading alpha helix
bonds between parallel plypeptide chain creates a sheet - beta pleated sheet
what is the tertiary structure of protein
final folding of 3D
Hydrophilic /hydrophobic interactions
between polar and non polar R GROUPS
DISULFIDE BOND - formed between R groups that contain sulfur atoms
(cysteine and methionine )
- strongest bonds
IONIC BONDS
attraction between oppositely charged R groups
HYDROGEN BONDS -
Forms between slightly positive hydrogen atoms and slightly negative atoms on different R GROUPS
