Module 2 .2 Biological Molecules

Question 1

what is chemical formula for glucose ?

Answer 1

C6H12O6

Question 2

What is the structure of a glucose ?

Answer 2

on the A glucose the OH group on C I IS BELOW the carbon ring

Question 3

what is the structure of beta glucose ?

Answer 3

the glucose the OH group on c 1 is above the Carbon ring

Question 4

link structure of glucose to its function ?

Answer 4

small - easily transported across membraned by facilitaed diffusion
Polar - dissolves in the cytoplasm of a cell and in the liquid transport medium in blood can be trnaported around the body
EASILY BROKEN DOWN - to release energy

Question 5

glucose+glucose (a)

Answer 5

Maltose(disaccharides)

Question 6

glucose +fructose

Answer 6

sucrose

Question 7

glucose+galactose

Answer 7

lactose

Question 8

give example of a pentose monosaccharide ?

Answer 8

5 c atoms
RIBOSE
DEOXYRIBOSE

Question 9

WHAT IS THE KEY difference between ribose and deoxyribose ?

Answer 9

Presence of O in Carbon 2 in Ribose

Question 10

give examples of Polysaccharides ?

Answer 10

• Starch
• glycogen
  -cellulose

Question 11

how many polysaccharides is starch is made of

Answer 11

made of two different polysaccharides
-amylose
-Amylopectin

Question 12

what is the difference between amylose and amylopectin?

Answer 12

-Amylose - coiled
-joined using 1,4 glycosidic bonds
AMYLOPECTIN-A branched molecule
joined by 1,4 .1,6 glycosidic bonds

Question 13

link structure of strach to function ?

Answer 13

• compact lots of glucose can be stored inside the cells
  inslouble - doesn’t affect water potential of the cell
  branched - free ends for enzymes to attach - glucose can be removed quickly for respiration .

Question 14

what is the structure of glycogen ?

Answer 14

-made of a-glucose
-joined by 1-4 1,6 glycosidic bonds
- Highly branched

Question 15

link structure of glycogen to its function ?

Answer 15

compact
lots of glucose for aerobic +anaerobic respiration
insoluble - doesn’t dissolve in solvent prevents damage
branched -lots of free ends for enzyme to attach

Question 16

what is cellulose made up of

Answer 16

-Beta glucose
-joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds
-

Question 17

why does every second beta glucose must be flipped in cellulose

Answer 17

for the OH group to be next to each other
- produces Straight Chain

Question 18

what are lipids ?

Answer 18

-non polar molecules
- insoluble
-complex Macromolecules
not polymers

Question 19

what makes triglycerides ?

Answer 19

1 glycerol
3 fatty acids
- fatty acids joined by ESTER BONDS

Question 20

What is esterification ?

Answer 20

glycerol molecule
3fatty acids joined by condensation

Question 21

what does the term saturated refers to ?

Answer 21

all possible bonds with hydrogen atoms have been made

Question 22

what is monunsaturated

Answer 22

one double bond between carbons in chain- bends

Question 23

what is polyunsaturated ?

Answer 23

more than one double bond between carbons

Question 24

what does the double nond in fatty acids cause

Answer 24

kinks -chains bend
- cannot pack together tightly
- becomes unsaturated e.g oil

Question 25

link structure of triglycerides to its function

Answer 25

• High chemical energy content of bonds -bonds are broken down to release large quantities of energy - energy storage molecule
• insoluble -easy to access doesn’t affect water potential of cells
  surronds vital organs - cushions and protects organ from damage
  provides buoyancy - essesntail for aquatic organisms e.g whales

Question 26

what are the roles of lipids

Answer 26

hormone production
-electrical insulation around neurones
- long term energy storage
-thermal insulation
protection -cushions viatl organs
-buoyancy
- waterproofing - in bird feathers

Question 27

how are phospholipids differ from lipids ?

Answer 27

phospholipids have phospate group , and 2 fatty acids
- hydrophilic and
hydrophobic
- soluble

Question 28

link structure of phospholipids to its function ?

Answer 28

hydrophobic /hydrophilic interactions - forms a Bilayer of membrane formation
- separates the aqueous environment outside of the cell and cytoplasm

Question 29

give an exmaple of sterols

Answer 29

-Cholesterol
made by liver and intestines

Question 30

link structure of cholesterol to its function?

Answer 30

hydrophilic and hydrophobic - suitable to sit in the membrane of cells
- stabilise the structure
REGULATES THE FLUIDITY OF MEMBRANE

Question 31

what are vitamin D , STERIOD , Hormones , biles made from?

Answer 31

-CHolesterol

Question 32

what is the monomer of proteins ?

Answer 32

amino acids

Question 33

what is the name of the bond which joins two amino acids together ?

Answer 33

peptide bond

Question 34

what are the structure of amino acids ?

Answer 34

Amine group
-R GROUP
- CARBOXYLIC GROUP

Question 35

How many different amino acids are commonly found in the cell ?

Answer 35

20
- 5 are non essential
9 are essential obtained from what we eat
6 conditionally essential - needed in infants and growing children

Question 36

what are the level structure of protein

Answer 36

primary
- secondary
tertiary
-quaternary

Question 37

what is the primary structure of a protein ?

Answer 37

Sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain
- held by peptide bonds

Question 38

what is the secondary structure of proteins ?

Answer 38

initial folding
hydrogen bond formed between
NH and OH group from cooh
- bonds within a single polypeptide chain causes coililng leading alpha helix
bonds between parallel plypeptide chain creates a sheet - beta pleated sheet

Question 39

what is the tertiary structure of protein

Answer 39

final folding of 3D

Hydrophilic /hydrophobic interactions
between polar and non polar R GROUPS
DISULFIDE BOND - formed between R groups that contain sulfur atoms
(cysteine and methionine )
- strongest bonds
IONIC BONDS
attraction between oppositely charged R groups
HYDROGEN BONDS -
Forms between slightly positive hydrogen atoms and slightly negative atoms on different R GROUPS