classification and evolution Flashcards
what is taxonomy
the study of differences between species (the principles of classification )
define classification
the process in which living organisms are sorted into groups organisms within a group share similar features .
define species ?
A group of organisms whose members are similar to each other in Morphology , physiology , biochemistry ,behaviour and can INTERBREED to produce fertile offsipring
what is palaeontology
the study of fossils and fossil records
e.g bacteria and algae found in oldest rocks .
how are fossils formed ?
remians preserved in the rocks
what is comparative anatomy ?
study of similirarities and differences between organisms anatomy
- shows common ancestory
what is homologous strucures ?
similiar structure but different functions
what is analous structure?
different structure but similar functions
what is comparative biochemistry ?
study of the similarities and differences between the chemical makeup of organism
give examples of molecules conserved in comparative bicochemistry ?
cytochrome c (protein)
RNA
What do scientist look for in sequences of amino acids
- differences in sequences of amino acids /base
compare
what is comparative embryology ?
study of embryos -unborn /unhatched animals
- embryos look similar -difficult to distinguish
- developed - differences are seen
e.g newly evolved organs develop
what are the five kingdom system ?
prokaryoate
protoctista
fungi
plantae
animalia
what are prokaryotae structure ?
unicellular
no memebrane bound organelles
no nucleus
70s ribosomes
naked dna
what are eukaryoates structure ?
nucleus
membrane bound organelles
-chloroplast
autotrophic /heterotrophic
what are features of fungi
unicellular or multicellular
-nucleus ,membrane bound organelle
-no chloroplats
hyphae
saprophytic
. yeast , mushrooms
cell wall made of CHITIN
plantae
multicellular
-nucleus
membrane bound organelle
-cellulose cell wall
- gametes can move with cilia or flagella
-nutrients acquired through autrophic
store food as starch
- e.g grasses
what are features of animalia?
multicellular
-nucleus
-membrane bound organelles
- no cell , chloroplasts
- hetereotrophic
- store food as glycogen
-
Define phylogeny ?
-The evolutionary realtionship between organisms
define phylogenetics ?
study of evolutionary history of a group of organisms - and how closely related the organism are .evidence such as DNA , proteins . fossils fromed
what is variation ?
the differences in characterstics between organisms
give two types of variation ?
interspecific variation
intraspecific variation
what is interspecific variation ?
variation between members of different species.e.g how they reproduce
what is intraspecific variation ?
differences between organism of the same species e.g . age , height , weight
what are the causes of variation ?
genetic
environmental
what are genetic variation caused by ?
Alleles
- muatation
- meiosis
- sexual reproduction
- chance - random fertilisation
what are examples of variation caused by genetics ?
-blood group
- antibodies
what are variation caused by combination of genetic and environments ?
Height
weight
-skin colour
what are examples of variation caused by environments
, tattos
scars
what is discontinuous variation ?
characterstics which results in certain values ,
discrete
- don’t overlap
- genetictally determined factors e.g shape of bacteria , blood group , sex -femal /male
bar charts
what is continous variation ?
characteristics that can take any values within range
- forms continuum from extreme to other
-controlled by many genes
-influenced by environment
- e.g ,height , mass
-histograms
