Module 2 Flashcards

Question

Exchange reaction

Answer 1

AB = CD --> AC + BD

Answer 2

can run in both directions - reaching an equilibrium (balance in forward and reverse reaction rates)

Answer 3

This example is an important reversible reaction that helps maintain H+ (protons - pH) at a homeostatic level - this process is called buffering - and prevents large changes in H+ levels CO2 + H2O <- -> H+ + HCO3- If H+ is added the system, the reaction will move to the left finding equilibrium - refer to notes cause I can't write it in here The body will exhale the extra CO2 from the lungs

Answer 4

when different forms of energy are stored, it is potential energy - it has the capacity to do work at another time

Answer 5

when energy is doing work now potential energy is when the ball is in had, then you drop the ball, but the movement of the ball is kinetic energy potential energy is released, becoming kinetic energy

Answer 6

is stored in the bonds between atoms in a molecule - the bonds in fat and carbohydrate molecules in our diet contain stored energy that our body utilises. chemical reactions release that energy for cellular work

Answer 7

- the energy currency of the cell is ATP - Adenosine Tri Phosphate - the bonds between the phosphate molecules and the adenosine molecule store very high amounts of energy - potential energy is stored between the phosphate bonds - the chemical potential energy within the phosphate bonds of ATP can be utilised within a chemical reaction - the products of the reaction are ADP + unbound phosphate (Pi) + energy to do work within the cell (muscle contraction, transporting ions)

Answer 8

Determine the amount of protons we have in a solution - scale is 0-14, lower numbers are acidic, and higher numbers are basic (alkalinity) - high pH (basic) has low amounts of protons and low pH (acidic) has high amounts of protons - 7 is neutral and this is water

Answer 9

capacity to do work

Answer 10

chemical, mechanical heat, electrical, electromagnetic (radiant)

Answer 11

- many of trillions of chemical reactions taking place in the body each second would proceed too slowly to sustain life, even at normal body temperature - enzymes are able to increase the rates of these reactions by lowering the activation energy - the energy needed to start the reaction - enzymes are catalysts - they increase the rate of the reaction without being altered by the reaction - enzymes are protein molecules that very specific in structure - enzymes can be used over and over again to catalyse a specific type of reaction, using new reactants each time - enzymes are proteins - enzymes have an active site (that's a different shape then the rest of its structure) and substrates (reactants) bind to the active site. This formation of binding is called the enzyme-substrate complex. The binding leads to stresses in the chemical substrates thus changing its shape and creating a new molecule. This new molecule (product) is then released from the active site and the enzyme resumes to its original shape and can be used again. Note that some enzymes catalyse a single substrate into two substrates.

Answer 12

- many enzymes are given names related to the type of reaction they catalyse. The names usually end in the suffix - ase - carbonic anhydrase is the catalyst for the reversible reaction - producing more enzymes can increase the amount of a reaction that can occur quickly

Answer 13

humans adapt to exercise training by increasing the enzymes available to synthesis ATP from fuel sources and to breakdown ATP for cellular work

Answer 14

Do no contain Carbon Oxygen (O2) - oxygen atoms bonded with a double covalent bond - O2 used in last step of extracting energy from food molecules Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - produced when food molecules are metabolised Water (H2O) - polar covalent bonds provide water with unique properties that are essential for life - stabilising body temperature (water can be absorb large amounts of heat and remain at a stable temperature) - protects body (lubricant, fluid cushion around organs (brain)) - required for many chemical reactions (reacting molecules must be dissolved in water, electrolytes - dissociate in water, water directly involved in digestion and other chemical reactions)

Answer 15

movement of water molecules and disruption of hydrogen bonds allows water to absorb large amounts of heat

Answer 16

- molecules containing Carbon - carbon atoms form covalent bonds with many other atoms that allow the formation of large complex molecules - these complex molecules are essential for life, as their diverse structures allow them to perform varied essential functions for survival - many of these organic molecules have chains of carbon atoms as a backbone to their structure - the major groups of organic molecules essential to life are: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Answer 17

Elements: C, H, O - monosaccharides Function: Energy - monosaccharides can be sued as energy sources, Glycogen (a polysaccharide) is an energy-stored molecule - Stores of carbohydrates in liver and muscle are limited – meal every 4-5 hours to replenish liver glycogen, carbohydrates are taken on during a marathon to delay the loss of carbohydrate storage in muscles.

Answer 18

Elements: C, H, O, (S in most) - glycerol and fatty acids (for fats) Function: energy, structure, regulation Energy: fats can be stored and broken down later for energy, per unit of weight, fats yield twice as much energy as carbohydrates Structure: phospholipids and cholesterol are important components of cell membranes. Adipose tissue surrounds organs to protect them Regulation: Steroid hormones regulate many physiological processes (e.g. estrogen and testosterone are responsible for many of the differences between males and females)

Answer 19

Elements: C, H, O, N (S in most) - amino cids Function: regulation, structure, energy, contraction, transport, and protection Regulation: enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions. Hormones regulate many physiological processes (e.g., insulin affects glucose transport into cells) Structure: collagen fibres form a structural framework in many parts of the body Energy: proteins can be broken down for energy; per unit of weight, they yield the same energy as carbohydrates Contraction: Actin and myosin in muscle are responsible for muscle contraction Transport: haemoglobin transports O2 in the blood Protection: antibodies and complement protect against microorganisms and other foreign substances

Answer 20

Elements: C, H, O, N, P - Nucleotides Function: regulation, heredity, gene expression Regulation: DNA directs the activities of the cell Heredity: genes are pieces of DNA that can be passed from one generation to the next Gene expression: RNA is involved in gene expression

Answer 21

The chemical energy within the bonds of a carbohydrate molecule (glucose) can be utilised to form ATP. The ATP can be then used to do cellular work ADP + Pi + Energy = ATP Energy is from bonds in carbohydrates or lipid molecules

Answer 22

Formed from free fatty acids

Answer 23

The amino acid sequence of a protein molecule leads to its unique three-dimensional structure - the unique structure gives a protein a specific function - each enzyme (protein) has a specific three-dimensional structure allowing it to catalyse one type of reaction

Answer 24

Nucleic acids form the genetic material of our cells, our DNA - the sequence of nucleic acids directs the formation of specific proteins that give a cell its unique structure and functions

Answer 25

One head and two legs - the head is polar (hydrophilic) and phosphate containing region, made up of nitrogen and phosphorus - the legs are non polar (hydrophobic) region (fatty acids), made up of oxygen (at the top part near head), and carbon and hydrogen in bottom