Module 1 Flashcards
Asthma - What gets inflamed and what system do we block?
We avoid certain triggers to reduce inflammation as the inflammation causes the restrictions of the bronchi therefore making it difficult to breathe. Treat asthma by blocking some of the nervous system response
Asthma Symptoms and Treatment
Symptoms:
- rapid and shallow breathing
- wheezing
- coughing
- shortness of breath
Treatment:
- avoiding the causative agent
- taking anti-inflammatory medication
- using bronchodilators
Asthma - Skeletal
Many of the immune cells responsible for the inflammatory response of asthma are produced in the red bone marrow
The thoracic cage is necessary for respiration
Asthma - Muscular
Skeletal muscles are necessary for respiratory movements and the cough reflex.
Increased muscular work during a severe asthma attack can cause metabolic acidosis because of anaerobic respiration and excessive lactate production.
Asthma - Nervous
Emotional upset or stress can provoke an asthma attack. The cough reflex helps remove mucus from respiratory passages. Pain, anxiety, and death from asphyxiation can result. An imbalance in autonomic nervous system (ANS) control of bronchiolar smooth muscle may be a cause of asthma.
Sympathetic mimicking and parasympathetic blocking drugs are used to treat asthma.
Asthma - Endocrine
Steroids from the adrenal gland help regulate inflammation and are used in asthma therapy
Asthma - Cardiovascular
Increased vascular permeability of lung blood vessels results in edema. Blood carries ingested substances that provoke an asthma attack to the lungs. Blood also carries immune cells from red bone marrow to the lungs. Tachycardia commonly occurs during an asthma attack, and the normal effects of respiration on venous return are exaggerated, resulting in large fluctuations in blood pressure.
Asthma - Lymphatic and Immune
Immune cells release chemical mediators that promote inflammation and increase mucus production.
Asthma - Digestive
Ingested substances, such as aspirin, sulfiting agents (preservatives), tartrazine, certain foods, and reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus can provoke an asthma attack
Asthma - Urinary
Modifying hydrogen ion secretion into the urine helps compensate for acid-base imbalances caused by asthma
Asthma - Intergumentary
Cyanosis, a bluish skin colour, results from decreased blood 02 content
What are the basic survival needs?
- Nutrient acquisition
- Oxygen
- Growth, repair and defence
- Stable internal environment
General Physiological Functions
Nutrient Acquisitions:
- digestion absorptions
- perception locomotion
Oxygen:
- gas exchange and transport
- ventilation
Growth, Repair, and Defence:
- cellular metabolism and growth
- fighting infection
- blood clotting
Stable Internal Environment
- homeostasis
- excretion
- communication
Organ System Function
Nutrient Acquisition:
- digestive
- senses
- muscular
Oxygen:
- cardiovascular
- respiratory
Growth, Repair, and Defence:
- physiology of cell
- immunity
- blood
Stable Internal Environment:
- urinary
- nervous
- endocrine
Organization
interrelationships among parts of an organism, each part has different specific essential functions, together they contribute to survival
Metabolism
ability to use energy for growth and movement
Responsiveness
We need to detect changes in our environment and respond appropriately to those changes. Includes internal (body temperature) and external (finding food sources) environment
Growth
an increase in the size or number of cells, cell reproduction and growth is needed for adaptation, injury repair, and tissue and organ maintenance.
Development
cells differentiate throughout development, they change their specific structure to become specialised to do specific functions - muscles, bone and nerve cells have very different structures that facilitate their unique functions
Organisation in the human body
- nervous system
- endocrine system
- respiratory system
- skeletal and muscular systems
- cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
- integumentary system
- digestive system
- reproductive system
- urinary system
Stable Internal Environment (homeostasis) - Why?
A variety of physiological functions require a consistent internal environment in order to operate properly
Stable Internal Environment (homeostasis) - Body temperature
One example is the maintenance of body temperature at around 37 degrees Celsius
- chemical reactions occur at different rates at different temperatures, if our body temperature gets to low (below 34 degrees Celsius), some chemical reactions needed for survival may get too slow to be effective
- if temperature gets too high (above 40 degrees celsius) molecules and cells can be damaged losing function, this is especially important in the brain
How?
- receptors throughout the body (skin, brain, organs) detect changes in temperature
- signals from these receptors are sent to control centres (brain) which modify effector organs to bring the temperature back to where the body requires it for optimal function
- temperature receptors send signals to the hypothalamus that we are hot
- this stimulates sweat glands (effectors) to release sweat, which through evaporative cooling brings our temperature down. When our temperature returns to our set point, the signal no longer stimulates the sweat glands
Homeostasis
The process by which we maintain a stable internal environment
- regulated by endocrine and nervous systems
- This requires the continuous monitoring and regulation of many body conditions. Cells require many variables (volume, temperature, a variety of chemical compositions) to be within a narrow range (set point) for proper function
Set point
a normal range around which homeostatic variables are maintained
- body temperature ~37 + - .5 degrees Celsius
- blood pressure ~110/80 mmHg
