Chapter 1

Question 1

Anatomy definition and the 2 basic approaches

Answer 1

investigates the structure of the body
- means to dissect

2 basic approaches:
- systemic anatomy
- regional anatomy

Question 2

Systemic anatomy

Answer 2

the study of the body by system, such as cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems

Question 3

Regional anatomy

Answer 3

the study of the organisation of the body by areas, such as the head, abdomen, or arm
- this approach is taken in many medical and dental schools

Question 4

The two general ways to examine the internal structures of a living person

Answer 4

1. surface anatomy
2. anatomical imaging

Question 5

Suface anatomy

Answer 5

the study of external features, such as bony projections

Question 6

Anatomical imaging

Answer 6

involves the use of x-rays, ultrasounds, MRI, etc.

Question 7

Physiology

Answer 7

is the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things
- important to recognise structures as dynamic

Question 8

Two major goals when studying physiology

Answer 8

1. examining the body’s response to stimuli
2. examining the body’s maintenance of stable internal conditions

Question 9

systemic physiology

Answer 9

focuses on the functions of organ systems

Question 10

Chemical Level

Answer 10

• the structural and functional characteristics of all organisms are determined by their chemical makeup
• chemical level of organisation involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine into molecules
• important b/c a molecules structure determines its function
• Example: collagen molecules are strong, roselike fibres that give skin structural strength and flexibility. with aging the structure of collagen changes and the skin becomes fragile

Question 11

Cell level

Answer 11

Basic structural and functional units of organisms
- most cells contain smaller structures inside them called organelles
- organelles carry out particular function such as digestion and movement for the cell

Question 12

Tissue Level and the 4 types

Answer 12

a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

Tissues are classified into four primary types:
1. epithelial
2. connective
3. muscle
4. nervous

Question 13

Organ Level

Answer 13

composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common function

example: heart, stomach, liver, etc.

Question 14

Organ system level

Answer 14

is a group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions
Example: the urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
- the kidneys produce urine, which is transported by the ureters to the urinary bladder, where it is stored until being eliminated from the body through the urethra

Question 15

What are the major organ systems? (11)

Answer 15

1. integumentary
2. skeletal
3. muscular
4. nervous
5. endocrine
6. cardiovascular
7. lymphatic
8. respiratory
9. digestive
10. urinary
11. reproductive

Question 16

Organism level

Answer 16

is any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell such as a bacterium, or a trillion cells such as a human

Question 17

what are the 6 characteristics of life

Answer 17

1. organisation
2. metabolism
3. responsiveness
4. growth
5. development
6. reproduction

Question 18

Organization

Answer 18

refers to the specific relationships among the individual parts of an organisms and how those parts interacts to perform specific functions.

• disruption of this organised state can result in loss of functions

Question 19

metabolism

Answer 19

the ability to use energy to perform other vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction

• human cells possess specialised proteins that can break down food molecules to use as a source of energy

Question 20

responsiveness

Answer 20

is an organisms ability to sense changes in the external or internal environment and adjust to those changes

• moving towards food or water, moving away from danger or poor environmental conditions like heat or cold
• internally, if our body temp rises or lowers we will either shiver or sweat

Question 21

growth

Answer 21

refers to an increase in the size or number of cells, which produces an overall enlargement in all or part of an organisms, cell size, or the amount of substance surrounding cells
- for example, bones grow when the number of bone cells increases and the bone cells become surrounded by mineralised materials

Question 22

development

Answer 22

• development involves growth, but also involves differentiation

Differentiation: involves changes in a cells structure and function from an immature, generalised state to a mature, specialised state
- example: following fertilisation, immature cells differentiate to become specific types of cells, such as skin, bone, muscle, or nerve cells - these differentiated cells form tissues and organs

Question 23

reproduction

Answer 23

is the formation of new cells or new organisms

Question 24

homeostasis

Answer 24

is the maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body
- the body actively regulate body conditions that are constantly changing
- body temperature is a main cause for disruption in homeostasis therefore body temp is considered a variable b/c the value of the temp is not constant
- for cells to function normally, the volume, temperature, and chemical content of the cells environment must be maintained within a narrow range

Question 25

The homeostatic mechanisms

Answer 25

that maintain normal body temperature include sweating or shivering to maintain body temperature near an ideal normal value, or set point - most homeostatic mechanisms are regulated by the nervous system or the endocrine system - homeostatic mechanisms are NOT able to maintain body temp precisely at the set point rather body temp increases and decreases slightly around the set point, producing a normal range of values

Question 26

How does the organ system help keep the body internal environment relatively constant?

Answer 26

the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, and urinary systems function together so that each cell in the body receives adequate oxygen and nutrients while also ensuring that waste products do not accumulate to a toxic level - if body fluids deviate from homeostasis, body cells do not function normally and can even die

Question 27

negative feedback

Answer 27

maintains homeostasis - negative means to decrease - negative feedback is when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted - negative feedback does not prevent variation but maintains variation w/in a normal range

Question 28

Negative feedback - the 3 components

Answer 28

1. receptor - by detecting stimuli, such as body temperature 2. control centre - such as part of the brain, which determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable 3. effector - such as the sweat glands, which can adjust the value of the variable when directed by the control centre usually back toward the set point - a changed variable is a stimulus b/c it initiates a homeostatic mechanism

Question 29

positive feedback

Answer 29

occur when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater - this type of response is required to return to homeostasis - for example: during blood loss, a chemical responsible for blood clot formation, called thrombin, stimulates production of even more thrombin - the clot formation process is self-limiting, eventually the components needed to form a clot will be depleted in the damaged area and more clot material cannot be formed

Question 30

Positive feedback in childbirth

Answer 30

1. near the end of pregnancy, the baby's large size stretches the uterus 2. this stretching, especially around the opening of the uterus, stimulates contractions of the uterine muscles 3. the uterine contractions push the baby against the opening of the uterus, which results in additional stretching 4. this positive feedback sequence ends when the baby is delivered from the uterus and the stretching stimulus is eliminated

Question 31

two basic principles about homeostatic mechanisms to remember

Answer 31

1. many disease states result from the failure of negative-feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis 2. some positive feedback mechanisms can be detrimental instead of helpful - example: inadequate delivery of blood to cardiac (heart) muscle (if your losing a lot of blood through a wound your heart cannot pump blood to itself with high blood pressure therefore leading to low blood pressure and less blood to heart and then death) - on the other hand, following a moderate amount of blood loss (after donating a pint of blood), negative feedback result in an increase in heart rate that restores blood pressure

Question 32

The system that functions in providing protection and support for the body and providing sites for muscle attachment and movement is the BLANK system

Answer 32

skeletal

Question 33

Bodily changes are detected and responses are activated that reverse the change and restore stability and preserve normal body function during ______. Pos or neg feedback?

Answer 33

negative feedback