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4 - PA 1 - Calculations > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What are the letters used in the Roman numeral system?

A

S, I, V, X, L, C, D, M.

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3
Q

What does the letter “S” represent in Roman numerals?

A

0.5 (ss).

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4
Q

What is the value of “I” in Roman numerals?

A

1

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5
Q

What is the value of “V” in Roman numerals?

A

5

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6
Q

What is the value of “X” in Roman numerals?

A

10.

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7
Q

What is the value of “L” in Roman numerals?

A

50

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8
Q

What is the value of “C” in Roman numerals?

A

100.

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9
Q

What is the value of “D” in Roman numerals?

A

500

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10
Q

What is the value of “M” in Roman numerals?

A

1000.

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11
Q

When are values added in Roman numerals?

A

When a numeral is repeated or a smaller numeral follows a larger one.

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12
Q

Give an example of adding Roman numerals.

A

II = I + I = 2; VII = 5 + 1 + 1 = 7.

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13
Q

When is subtraction used in Roman numerals?

A

When a smaller numeral comes before a larger numeral.

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14
Q

Provide an example of subtraction in Roman numerals.

A

IV = 5 - 1 = 4; IX = 10 - 1 = 9.

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15
Q

What numerals can be used before larger ones for subtraction?

A

I before V and X; X before L and C; C before D and M.

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16
Q

What is a rule regarding V, L, and D in Roman numerals?

A

V, L, and D are never subtracted.

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17
Q

Can more than one smaller numeral be placed in front of a larger one for subtraction?

A

No, only one smaller numeral can be placed in front.

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18
Q

What happens when a smaller numeral is between two larger numerals?

A

Subtract the smaller numeral from the numeral following it.

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19
Q

Can V, L, and D be placed in front of larger numbers for subtraction?

A

No, they cannot.

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20
Q

How many times can numerals be repeated in sequence?

A

No more than three times.

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21
Q

What is an example of a numeral that cannot be repeated more than three times?

A

XXXX does not equal 40; XL = 40.

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22
Q

What is the significance of understanding Roman numerals?

A

It is essential for interpreting historical documents, clock faces, and various modern applications.

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23
Q

What are time conventions?

A

Systems used to represent time, essential for clear communication and scheduling.

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24
Q

Describe the 12-hour clock system.

A

Divides the day into two segments: AM (1 AM to 12 PM) and PM (1 PM to 12 AM).

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25
Q

How is midnight represented in the 12-hour clock?

A

Midnight is represented as 12:00 AM.

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26
Q

How is noon represented in the 12-hour clock?

A

Noon is represented as 12:00 PM.

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27
Q

Where is the 12-hour clock system predominantly used?

A

In the U.S. and Canada.

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28
Q

Describe the 24-hour clock system.

A

Runs continuously from 00:00 (midnight) to 23:59, with each hour represented by a two-digit number.

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29
Q

How is midnight represented in the 24-hour clock?

A

Midnight is represented as 00:00 (start of the day).

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30
Q

How is the end of the day represented in the 24-hour clock?

A

The end of the day is represented as 24:00.

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31
Q

What is the international standard for time representation?

A

The 24-hour clock system (ISO 8601).

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32
Q

What is a key advantage of the 24-hour clock over the 12-hour clock?

A

It eliminates ambiguity in time representation (e.g., 13:00 clearly indicates 1 PM).

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33
Q

What are the formats for displaying time in the 24-hour system?

A

Four-digit number (e.g., 0000)
With a colon (e.g., 00:00)
With a period (e.g., 00.00)

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34
Q

Why might different formats be used in the 24-hour system?

A

Different formats may be preferred in various contexts, such as digital displays or written documentation.

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35
Q

Convert 1:00 AM to the 24-hour clock.

A

01:00

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36
Q

Convert 5:00 PM to the 24-hour clock.

A

17:00

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37
Q

Convert 12:00 PM to the 24-hour clock.

A

12:00

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38
Q

What is the significance of mastering both time conventions?

A

It enhances clarity in communication and scheduling.

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39
Q

Provide an example of when to use the 12-hour clock.

A

Provide an example of when to use the 12-hour clock.

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40
Q

Provide an example of when to use the 24-hour clock.

A

In military contexts, international travel, or formal documentation.

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41
Q

What are the two main temperature scales discussed?

A

Celsius (°C) and Fahrenheit (°F).

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42
Q

What is the freezing point of water in Celsius and Fahrenheit?

A

0°C (Celsius) and 32°F (Fahrenheit).

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43
Q

What is the boiling point of water in Celsius and Fahrenheit?

A

100°C (Celsius) and 212°F (Fahrenheit).

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44
Q

What is the formula to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit?

A

°F=(1.8×C)+32

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45
Q

What is the formula to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius?

A

°C= (F - 32) / 1.8
​

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46
Q

Convert 0°F to Celsius.

A

°C= (0 - 32) / 1.8 = −17.8°C

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47
Q

Convert 72°F to Celsius.

A

°C= (72 - 32) / 1.8
​
=22.2°C

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48
Q

Convert 85°C to Fahrenheit.

A

°F= (1.8×85) + 32 = 185°F

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49
Q

Convert 40°C to Fahrenheit.

A

°F= (1.8 × 40) + 32 = 104°F

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50
Q

Why is rounding important in temperature conversions?

A

Rounding to the nearest tenths enhances clarity and precision, especially in scientific and medical contexts.

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51
Q

What is the normal body temperature in Celsius and Fahrenheit?

A

37°C = 98.6°F.

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52
Q

What is the temperature for storing vaccine serum in Celsius and Fahrenheit?

A

7°C = 44.6°F.

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53
Q

Why is it important to understand both Celsius and Fahrenheit?

A

It is essential for clear communication, scheduling, and avoiding confusion in various contexts, such as healthcare and cooking.

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54
Q

What is the significance of averaging multiple temperature readings?

A

Averaging provides a more accurate representation of a person’s body temperature over time, which is crucial for monitoring health.

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55
Q

Convert 100°F to Celsius.

A

°C= (100 - 32) / 1.8 = 37.8°C

56
Q

Convert 19°C to Fahrenheit.

A

°F = (1.8 × 19) + 32 = 66.2°F

57
Q

What is the conversion for 94.2°F to Celsius?

A

°C = (94.2 - 32) / 1.8 = 34.6°C

58
Q

What is the conversion for 36.4°C to Fahrenheit?

A

°F = (1.8 × 36.4) + 32 = 97.52°F

59
Q

What is the Roman numeral for 1?

A

I

60
Q

What is the Roman numeral for 5?

A

V

61
Q

What is the Roman numeral for 10?

A

X

62
Q

What is the Roman numeral for 50?

A

L

63
Q

What is the Roman numeral for 100?

A

C

64
Q

What is the Roman numeral for 500?

A

D

65
Q

What is the Roman numeral for 1000?

A

M

66
Q

What is the Roman numeral for 0.5?

A

SS

67
Q

How do you add Roman numerals?

A

When a numeral is repeated or a smaller numeral follows a larger one, values are added together.

68
Q

Give an example of adding Roman numerals.

A

II = I + I = 2; VII = 5 + 1 + 1 = 7.

69
Q

How do you subtract Roman numerals?

A

When a smaller numeral comes before a larger numeral, subtract the smaller value.

70
Q

Give an example of subtracting Roman numerals.

A

IV = 5 - 1 = 4; IX = 10 - 1 = 9.

71
Q

What numerals can be used before larger ones for subtraction?

A

I can be used before V and X; X can be used before L and C; C can be used before D and M.

72
Q

What are the restrictions on V, L, and D in Roman numerals?

A

V, L, and D are never subtracted and cannot be placed in front of a larger number for subtraction.

73
Q

Can smaller numerals be repeated in front of larger ones for subtraction?

A

No, never put more than one smaller numeral in front of a larger one for subtracting.

74
Q

What happens when a smaller numeral is between two larger numerals?

A

Subtract the smaller numeral from the numeral following it.

75
Q

What is the rule for repeating numerals?

A

Numerals cannot be repeated more than three times in sequence.

76
Q

Give an example of a valid and invalid repetition in Roman numerals.

A

Valid: III = 3; Invalid: XXXX does not equal 40 (use XL = 40).

77
Q

Why is understanding Roman numerals important?

A

They are used in historical texts, clock faces, and certain legal documents.

78
Q

What is the significance of the Roman numeral system?

A

It reflects historical practices and continues to have relevance today.

79
Q

What are the three main types of measurement systems used in pharmacy?

A

Apothecary, Household, and Metric.

80
Q

Why is it important for pharmacy assistants to memorize conversion factors?

A

To complete tasks quickly and efficiently without needing to look up conversions, ensuring accuracy in medication dispensing.

81
Q

How do you convert fluid ounces to milliliters?

A

Use the conversion: 1 fluid ounce = 30 mL. For example, to convert 6 fl oz:

6 fl oz × 30 mL/fl oz=180 mL

82
Q

What is the metric conversion for 1 teaspoon?

A

1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 milliliters (mL).

83
Q

What is the metric conversion for 1 tablespoon?

A

1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 milliliters (mL).

84
Q

What is the metric conversion for 1 cup?

A

1 cup = 250 milliliters (mL).

85
Q

What is the metric conversion for 1 pint?

A

1 pint = 500 milliliters (mL).

86
Q

What is the metric conversion for 1 quart?

A

1 quart = 1,000 milliliters (mL).

87
Q

What is the metric conversion for 1 gallon?

A

1 gallon = 4,000 milliliters (mL).

88
Q

What is the conversion for 1 pound in grams?

A

1 pound (lb) = 454 grams (g).

89
Q

What is the best practice regarding the apothecary system?

A

It is recommended to convert to the Metric system and perform all calculations within the Metric system.

90
Q

What is the conversion for 1 minim in milliliters?

A

1 minim = 0.06 milliliters (mL).

91
Q

What is the conversion for 1 fluid dram in milliliters?

A

1 fluid dram = 5 milliliters (mL).

92
Q

What is the conversion for 1 grain in milligrams?

A

1 grain = 60 milligrams (mg).

93
Q

What mnemonic can help remember metric conversions?

A

“King Henry Died Drinking Chocolate Milk.”

94
Q

How do you convert 8 mL to drops (gtts)?

A

Use the conversion: 1 mL = 20 drops. Therefore,

8 mL × 20 gtts/mL = 160 gtts

95
Q

What is the conversion for 25 grams to milliliters?

A

Use the conversion: 1 g = 1 mL (for water). Therefore, 25 g = 25 mL.

96
Q

How do you convert 21 drams to grams?

A

Use the conversion: 1 dram = 5 grams. Therefore,

21 drams × 5 g/dram = 105 g

97
Q

How do you convert 32 grains to milligrams?

A

Use the conversion: 1 grain = 60 mg. Therefore,

32 grains × 60 mg/grain = 1920 mg

98
Q

How do you convert 9.6 kg to pounds?

A

Use the conversion: 1 kg = 2.2 lbs. Therefore,
9.6 kg × 2.2 lbs/kg = 21.12 lbs

99
Q

What is the relationship between teaspoons and tablespoons?

A

3 teaspoons (tsp) = 1 tablespoon (tbsp)

100
Q

How many fluid ounces are in 1 cup?

A

8 fluid ounces (fl. oz) = 1 cup

101
Q

Convert 2 cups to pints.

A

2 cups = 1 pint (pt)

102
Q

What is the conversion for 1 fluid ounce to milliliters?

A

1 fluid ounce = 30 mL

103
Q

How many ounces are in 1 pound?

A

16 ounces (oz) = 1 pound (lb)

104
Q

What is the metric equivalent of 1 tablespoon?

A

1 tablespoon = 15 mL

105
Q

How many grams are in 1 pound?

A

1 pound = 454 grams

106
Q

What is the conversion for 1 quart to milliliters?

A

1 quart = 1000 mL

107
Q

What is the apothecary symbol for a fluid ounce?

A

Fluid ounce is represented by f℥.

108
Q

How many minims are in 1 fluid dram?

A

60 minims = 1 fluid dram (fʒ)

109
Q

Convert 1 grain to milligrams.

A

1 grain = 60 mg

110
Q

What is the relationship between scruples and drams?

A

3 scruples = 1 dram (ʒ)

111
Q

How many fluid ounces are in 1 pint?

A

16 fluid ounces (f℥) = 1 pint (pt)

112
Q

What is the metric equivalent of 1 cup?

A

1 cup = 250 mL

113
Q

How many drams are in 1 ounce?

A

1 ounce (℥) = 6 drams (ʒ)

114
Q

What is the conversion for 1 fluid dram to milliliters?

A

1 fluid dram = 5 mL

115
Q

How many kilograms are in 1 pound?

A

1 pound = 0.454 kg (or 2.2 lb = 1 kg)

116
Q

What is the apothecary symbol for a grain?

A

Grain is represented by gr.

117
Q

Convert 1 ounce to grams.

A

1 ounce (℥) = 30 grams.

118
Q

How many inches are in 1 foot?

A

1 foot = 12 inches.

119
Q

What is the metric system?

A

A decimal-based system of measurement used globally for scientific and everyday purposes.

120
Q

What are the basic units of measurement in the metric system?

A

Gram (g), Litre (L), Meter (m).

121
Q

What does the prefix “kilo” (k) represent?

A

1000 times the basic unit (e.g., 1 kg = 1000 g).

122
Q

What does the prefix “hecta” (h) represent?

A

100 times the basic unit (e.g., 1 hL = 100 L).

123
Q

What does the prefix “deca” (da) represent?

A

10 times the basic unit (e.g., 1 daL = 10 L).

124
Q

What is the value of the basic unit in the metric system?

A

1 (e.g., 1 g, 1 L, or 1 m).

125
Q

What does the prefix “deci” (d) represent?

A

One-tenth of a basic unit (e.g., 1 dL = 0.1 L).

126
Q

What does the prefix “centi” (c) represent?

A

One-hundredth of a basic unit (e.g., 1 cL = 0.01 L).

127
Q

What does the prefix “milli” (m) represent?

A

One-thousandth of a basic unit (e.g., 1 mL = 0.001 L).

128
Q

What does the prefix “micro” (µ) represent?

A

One-millionth of a basic unit (e.g., 1 µg = 0.000001 g).

129
Q

What does the prefix “nano” (n) represent?

A

One-billionth of a basic unit (e.g., 1 ng = 0.000000001 g).

130
Q

What are common metric abbreviations for mass?

A

Kilogram (kg), Gram (g), Milligram (mg), Microgram (µg).

131
Q

What are common metric abbreviations for volume?

A

Kilolitre (kL), Litre (L), Millilitre (mL or cc).

132
Q

What are common metric abbreviations for length?

A

Kilometer (km), Meter (m), Millimeter (mm), Micrometer (µm).

133
Q

What is the relationship between metric units?

A

1,000,000 µg = 1,000 mg = 1 g = 0.001 kg; 1,000,000 mL = 1,000 L = 0.001 kL; 1,000,000 mm = 1,000 m = 0.001 km.

134
Q

How do you convert between metric units?

A

Move the decimal point three places for each prefix change (e.g., 1 kg = 1000 g).

135
Q

Why is the metric system important?

A

It provides a universal standard for measurements, facilitating scientific communication and calculations.

136
Q
A

4 - PA 1 - Calculations (15 decks)

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