Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

4 - PA 1 - Calculations > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Whole Number?

A

A number without fractions or decimals. Examples: 1, 355, 72.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Adding Whole Numbers

A

Example: 12 + 35 = 47; 237 + 78 = 315.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Subtracting Whole Numbers

A

Example: 15 - 8 = 7; 432 - 121 = 311.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Multiplying Whole Numbers

A

Example: 12 x 8 = 96; 31 x 46 = 1426.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dividing Whole Numbers

A

Example: 12 ÷ 4 = 3; 186 ÷ 2 = 93.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a Fraction?

A

Definition: A number with a numerator (top) and denominator (bottom). Example: 2/4.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Types of Fractions

A

Proper: Top < Bottom (e.g., ¾)
Improper: Top > Bottom (e.g., 7/3)
Mixed: Whole + Proper (e.g., 4 ½)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Simplifying Fractions

A

Reduce to lowest terms. Example: 2/4 = 1/2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Multiplying Fractions

A

Multiply numerators and denominators. Example: 2/3 x 3/4 = 6/12 = 1/2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dividing Fractions

A

Invert the second fraction and multiply. Example: 3/4 ÷ 1/3 = 9/4.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Adding Fractions

A

Find the Lowest Common Denominator (LCD). Example: 2/3 + 3/6 = 4/6 = 2/3.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Subtracting Fractions

A

Same as addition: find LCD and subtract. Example: 7/8 - 2/5.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are Decimals?

A

Whole numbers with a fractional part. Examples: 0.003, 3.54.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Rounding Decimals

A

Rules for rounding: Up if ≥5, stay if ≤4. Example: 4.456 → 4.5.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Adding Decimals

A

Line up decimals. Example: 45.67 + 1.37.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Subtracting Decimals

A

Line up decimals. Example: 45.98 - 1.44.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pharmacy Rounding Rules

A

Weight: 1 decimal; Money: 2 decimals; BSA: 2 decimals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Multiplying Decimals

A

Line up right, count decimal places. Example: 32 x 4.25.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dividing Decimals

A

Remove decimals by shifting right. Example: 12.8 ÷ 4 = 128 ÷ 40.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Definition of a Fraction:

A

Indicates a portion of a whole; expression of division (Numerator/Denominator).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Types of Fractions

A

Proper: Numerator < Denominator; value < 1.

Improper: Numerator > Denominator; value ≥ 1.

Mixed: Combination of whole number and proper fraction; value > 1.

Complex: Numerator/Denominator can be proper, improper, or mixed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Comparing Fractions:

A

Same Numerator: Smaller Denominator = Larger Value.

Same Denominator: Smaller Numerator = Smaller Value.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Reducing to Lowest Terms:

A

Divide both by the largest non-zero number that divides evenly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Enlarging Fractions:

A

Multiply both by the same non-zero number.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Adding/Subtracting:

A
  1. Convert mixed to improper.
  2. Find LCD.
  3. Add/Subtract numerators; place over LCD.
  4. Convert to mixed/reduce.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Multiplying:

A
  1. Convert mixed to improper.
  2. Cancel terms.
  3. Multiply 4.numerators/denominators.
    5.Reduce.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Dividing:

A
  1. Convert mixed to improper.
  2. Invert second fraction.
  3. Multiply numerators/denominators.
  4. Reduce.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is a decimal?

A

A decimal is a fraction where the denominator is a power of ten (10, 100, 1000, etc.), represented by a decimal point separating whole numbers from fractional parts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How do you read a decimal?

A

Read a decimal by stating the whole number, saying “point,” and then stating the decimal fractions. For example, 1.1 is read as “one point one.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Why is it important to place a zero before a decimal point?

A

Placing a zero (e.g., 0.1 instead of .1) prevents misinterpretation of dosages, which can lead to administering ten times the intended dose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the steps for adding and subtracting decimals?

A
  1. Align decimal points vertically.
  2. Perform addition or subtraction from right to left.
  3. Keep the decimal point in the same position in the result.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Provide an example of adding decimals.

A

20.4 + 21.8 = 42.2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Provide an example of subtracting decimals.

A

52.4 - 15.2 = 37.2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the steps for multiplying decimals?

A
  1. Multiply as usual.
  2. Count total decimal places in both numbers.
  3. Place the decimal in the product according to the total decimal places.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Provide an example of multiplying decimals.

A

2.05 × 0.2 = 0.410 (3 decimal places)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the steps for dividing decimals?

A
  1. If the denominator is not a whole number, move the decimal point to make it a whole number.
  2. Move the decimal in the numerator the same number of spaces.
  3. Perform long division.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Provide an example of dividing decimals.

A

15.9 ÷ 0.3 = 53 (after moving the decimal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How do you round decimals to hundredths?

A
  1. Identify the hundredths place.
  2. Check the thousandths place to determine if rounding is needed.
  3. Round up if the thousandths place is ≥ 5; otherwise, keep the same.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Provide an example of rounding decimals.

A

0.123 rounds to 0.12 (thousandths place ≤ 4)

0.459 rounds to 0.46 (thousandths place ≥ 5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the steps to convert a decimal to a fraction?

A
  1. Write the decimal as a whole number (numerator).
  2. Use a denominator of 1 followed by as many zeros as there are decimal places.
  3. Reduce to lowest terms.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Provide an example of converting a decimal to a fraction.

A

0.125 = 125/1000 = 1/8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the steps to convert a fraction to a decimal?

A
  1. Divide the numerator by the denominator.
  2. Place any whole number to the left of the decimal.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Provide an example of converting a fraction to a decimal.

A

¼ = 0.25

3 ½ = 3.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the key takeaway regarding decimal operations in pharmacy?

A

Mastery of decimal operations is crucial for accurate medication dosing and safety in pharmacy practice. Always double-check calculations.

45
Q

What is a percentage?

A

A method to express a part of a whole, always out of 100. For example, 85% signifies 85 out of 100.

46
Q

How do you convert a decimal to a percentage?

A

Shift the decimal two places to the right and add a % sign. For example, 0.65 converts to 65%.

47
Q

What is the process for converting a percentage to a decimal?

A

Move the decimal two places to the left. For example, 43% becomes 0.43.

48
Q

How do you convert a fraction to a percentage?

A

Divide the fraction and shift the decimal two places to the right. For example, 3/5 translates to 60%.

49
Q

How do you convert a percentage to a fraction?

A

Express it as a fraction over 100 and simplify. For example, 48% equals 48/100, which simplifies to 12/25.

50
Q

What is a ratio?

A

A representation of the relationship between two numbers, formatted as a:b. For example, 3:5.

51
Q

How do you express a percentage as a ratio?

A

Place the percentage over 100. For example, 76% becomes 76:100, which simplifies to 19:25.

52
Q

What are proportions?

A

Illustrations of equality between two ratios, frequently used in pharmacy calculations.

53
Q

How do you determine the percentage of a quantity?

A

Multiply the total by the decimal equivalent of the percentage. For example, 25% of 50 equals 12.5.

54
Q

What is cross multiplying?

A

A technique for solving equations like “30 is 15% of what number?” by multiplying diagonally across the equal sign.

55
Q

Why is understanding percentages vital in pharmacy?

A

It is essential for accurate dosage calculations.

56
Q

Why are ratios and proportions key in pharmacy?

A

They are crucial for comparing quantities and ensuring precise measurements.

57
Q

How do practical applications enhance comprehension?

A

Real-world examples help in understanding mathematical concepts better.

58
Q

What is the significance of unit consistency in calculations?

A

Maintaining consistent units is crucial to prevent errors in calculations.

59
Q

How can visual aids improve understanding of ratios and proportions?

A

Charts or diagrams can significantly enhance comprehension of these concepts.

60
Q

Why are practice problems important?

A

Engaging with real-life scenarios can enhance calculation proficiency.

61
Q

How can group study benefit learning?

A

Collaborating with peers can clarify complex mathematical concepts.

62
Q

What role do digital tools play in learning?

A

Utilizing calculation apps can facilitate the learning process.

63
Q

Why is continuous learning important?

A

Regularly revisiting these concepts strengthens knowledge retention.

64
Q

What is a ratio?

A

A ratio is the comparison between two related quantities, expressed as one number compared to another, formatted as a:b.

65
Q

How should ratios be stated?

A

Ratios should be stated in lowest terms. For example, 1:20 means one part of an active ingredient contained in 20 total parts.

66
Q

What is the numerator in a ratio?

A

The numerator is the number to the left of the colon in a ratio.

67
Q

What is the denominator in a ratio?

A

The denominator is the number to the right of the colon in a ratio.

68
Q

How do you convert a proper fraction to a ratio?

A

Reduce the fraction to its lowest term, then write the numerator to the left of the colon and the denominator to the right.

69
Q

How do you convert a decimal to a ratio?

A

Convert the decimal to a proper fraction, reduce to lowest terms, and then write the numerator and denominator in ratio format.

70
Q

What is the process to convert a ratio to a fraction?

A

Write the number to the left of the colon as the numerator and the number to the right as the denominator, then reduce to lowest terms.

71
Q

How do you convert a ratio to a decimal?

A

Convert the ratio to a fraction, then divide the numerator by the denominator.

72
Q

What is the method to convert a percentage to a ratio?

A

Express the percentage as a fraction over 100, then reduce to lowest terms.

73
Q

How do you convert a ratio to a percentage?

A

Convert the ratio to a fraction, divide the numerator by the denominator, multiply by 100, and add the percent sign.

74
Q

What is the importance of reducing fractions and ratios?

A

Reducing to lowest terms ensures clarity and accuracy in representation.

75
Q

What are the steps to convert a percentage to a fraction?

A

Express the percentage as a fraction over 100 and simplify.

76
Q

How do you convert a percentage to a decimal?

A

Divide the percentage by 100.

77
Q

What is the relationship between fractions, decimals, ratios, and percents?

A

They are all related equivalents, and understanding one helps in converting to the others.

78
Q

What is the first step in converting a decimal to a ratio?

A

Convert the decimal to a proper fraction and reduce it to lowest terms.

79
Q

How do you determine which of several values is the largest?

A

Convert all values to the same format (e.g., decimals or percentages) for comparison.

80
Q

What is the significance of understanding ratios in pharmacy?

A

Ratios are crucial for comparing quantities and ensuring precise measurements in medication dosages.

81
Q

What is a common example of a ratio in pharmacy?

A

A ratio of active ingredient to total solution, such as 1:20 for a medication.

82
Q

How can you express the ratio 2:3 as a percentage?

A

Convert to a fraction (2/3), divide (0.6667), multiply by 100 to get approximately 66.67%.

83
Q

What is the process for cross-multiplying in ratios?

A

To solve for an unknown in a proportion, multiply diagonally across the equal sign.

84
Q

What does the term “percent” mean?

A

Percent means “by the hundred” and is represented by the symbol %.

85
Q

How do you calculate a percentage of a whole quantity?

A

Use the formula:
Percentage (Part)
=
Percent
×
Whole Quantity
Percentage (Part)=Percent×Whole Quantity

86
Q

How do you find 75% of 8 ounces?

A

Convert 75% to decimal (0.75) and multiply:
0.75
×
8
=
6
ounces
0.75×8=6 ounces

87
Q

What are the steps to convert a percent to a fraction?

A
  1. Drop the % sign.
  2. Place the remaining number as the numerator over 100.
  3. Reduce to lowest terms.
88
Q

Convert 75% to a fraction.

A

75%= 75/100 = 3/4
​

89
Q

How do you convert a percent to a decimal?

A

Drop the % sign and divide by 100.

90
Q

Convert 4% to a decimal.

A

4%= 4/100 =0.04

91
Q

How do you convert a decimal to a percent?

A

Multiply the decimal by 100 and add the % sign.

92
Q

Convert 0.5 to a percent.

A

0.5×100=50%

93
Q

What is the importance of understanding percentages in healthcare?

A

It is essential for accurate dosing and patient care.

94
Q

How do you find 20% of 150?

A

Multiply:
150
×
0.20
=
30
150×0.20=30

95
Q

If a patient has an order for 500 mg of medication twice a day for 10 days, how many pills has he taken if he used 40% of 20 pills?

A

20×0.40=8 pills

96
Q

How much sodium is in a box of salt weighing 80 ounces if it is 40% sodium?

A

80×0.40=32 ounces of sodium

97
Q

What is the formula for finding a percentage (Part)?

A

Percentage (Part)=Percent×Whole Quantity

98
Q

Why is mastering percentages, fractions, and decimals important?

A

It enhances critical thinking and analytical skills, essential for informed decision-making in various fields.

99
Q

What is a proportion?

A

A proportion consists of two ratios that are equal to one another (e.g., 5:10 = 10:20).

100
Q

What are the extremes in a proportion?

A

The extremes are the first and fourth terms of the proportion (e.g., in 5 : 10 = 10: 20, the extremes are 5 and 20).

101
Q

What are the means in a proportion?

A

The means are the second and third terms of the proportion (e.g., in 5:10 = 10:20, the means are 10 and 10).

102
Q

How do you set up a proportion?

A

You can set up a proportion using one of the following methods:

  1. mg = mg
  2. mg = tablets
  3. tablets = tablets
103
Q

What is the cross multiplication rule in proportions?

A

The product of the means equals the product of the extremes (e.g., for (e.g. a/b = c/d, cross multiply to get a x d = b x c).

104
Q

How do you solve for an unknown in a proportion?

A

Set up the proportion, cross multiply, and solve for the unknown variable.

105
Q

Provide an example of setting up a proportion.

A

If three tablets contain 1950 mg of a substance, how many mg are in twelve tablets? Set up as:

1950 mg / 3 tablets = x mg / 12 tablets

106
Q

What is the importance of proportions in real-world applications?

A

Proportions are used in various fields, such as healthcare for medication dosages and finance for budgeting.

107
Q

How should answers be expressed when solving proportion problems?

A

Answers should be expressed as decimals rounded to two places.

108
Q
A

4 - PA 1 - Calculations (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions