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Kin 303 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define personality according to Crocker et al. (2025).

A

Personality is a systematic variation in the way people think, feel, and behave (Crocker et al., 2025).

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2
Q

What is the overall organization of psychological characteristics?

A

refers to personality, encompassing the consistent way we think, feel, and behave.

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3
Q

How does personality differentiate individuals from one another?

A

Personality differentiates us from others by leading us to think, feel, and behave consistently across time and situations.

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4
Q

Define personality according to Lindsay, Paulhas, & Nairne (2008).

A

Personality is the characteristics or blend of characteristics that make a person unique (Lindsay, Paulhas, & Nairne, 2008).

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5
Q

What did Kluckhohn & Murray (1953) say about human uniqueness?

A

Every person is in certain respects (a) like all other people, (b) like some other people, and (c) like no other people (Kluckhohn & Murray, 1953).

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6
Q

What are the two main focuses of personality research?

A

Examining psychological characteristics that make people similar to one another.

Studying psychological characteristics that make people different from one another (i.e., individual differences).

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7
Q

Trait

A

is a relatively stable characteristic or quality
that is a portion of one’s personality.
• A typical style of behaviour

How we tend to act in most situations

Help predict what people are gonna do

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8
Q

state

A

A state is a momentary feeling or thought that can change depending on the situation and time.
• A “right now” feeling that can change from moment to
moment (dynamic).

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9
Q

Trait and state relationship

A

Both are relate, someone who is high trait anxiety, willl also feel more frequently high state anxiety

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10
Q

Cattell’s (1946, 1995) Trait
Personality Model
16 “source traits” (i.e., personality factors/traits)
that capture personality

A

Warmth, reasoning, dominance, liveliness, social boldness, rule consciousness, sensitivity, vigilance, abstractedness, privateness, apprehension, openness to change, self-
reliance, perfectionism, tension, emotional stability.

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11
Q

Digman’s (1990) Five Global
Factors or “Big Five”

A

Neuroticism (anxious)

Extroversion (outgoing)

Openness to experience (originality)

Agreeableness (easy to work with)

Conscientiousness ( attention to detail)

“OCEAN”

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12
Q

What do the Big Five personality dimensions reflect?

A

reflect general personality dimensions that exist across individuals.
• Personality traits that are more specific can typically be
“captured” by these categories

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13
Q

What factors impact our personality and “shape who we are”?

A

Genetics, environmental, rewards and punishments, maybe unconscious mechanism, different experience even

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14
Q

What is the key issue in understanding personality development?

A

The key issue is determining the extent to which each factor (genetics, environment, experiences, etc.) affects personality development.

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15
Q

What is the structure of personality composed of?

A

Psychological core
Typical responses
Role-related behavior

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16
Q

What is the psychological core in personality structure?

A

The psychological core refers to the deepest part of personality, including values, beliefs, and self-concept, which are stable and resistant to change.

Interest , the real essence of a person, the real you

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17
Q

What is typical responses in the structure of personality?

A

Typical responses are the usual ways a person responds to different situations, reflecting personality in more flexible and observable ways

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18
Q

What is role-related behavior in the structure of personality?

A

Role-related behavior is how a person behaves in different roles and social situations, which can vary significantly depending on the context.

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19
Q

Cognitive-Behavioural Approach (How Personality develops)

A

Early emphasis: learning through experience, and
through reward and punishment

• Over time the more complex nature was recognized:
expanded to include aspects like beliefs,
expectancies, and goals

• Major concepts / theories / influencers:
• Self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977, 1997)
• Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977, 1997)

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20
Q

Biological/Evolutionary Psychology
(How personality develops)

A

Emphasis: the basis of personality is biological
- Genetic foundation, genetic links associated with personality.

• Looks for hereditary / genetics commonalities and factors associated with personality

Major concepts / theories / influencers:
• Eysenck – introversion/extraversion, neuroticism

Hereditary link, your parents are extroverted, that is why you are extroverted

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21
Q

What factors impact our personality and “shape who we are

A

PERSON versus ENVIRONMENT

It’s a key thing through out the course, the two influence each other, the environment I am in willl change the individual

Person affect environment and environment affects person

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22
Q

Interactionist Approach
(How personality develops)

A

Emphasis: The interplay between a person and the environment on behaviour.
• PERSON-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION

• Current emphasis in sport psychology research

• Led to increased attention to sport specific measures of traits and dispositions

Major influencers:
• Endler & Magnusson (1976)
• Most current researchers and practitioners in sport psychology

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23
Q

Person (individual) – Environment Interaction (situation)

A

Instead of searching for stability of behaviour across all
situations, researchers who take an interactionist approach
try to understand how various traits affect behaviour
depending on the specific context.

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24
Q

What is the Credulous-Skeptical Argument in psychology?

A

The Credulous-Skeptical Argument debates whether personality traits are reliable predictors of behavior (credulous) or whether behavior is more influenced by situations (skeptical).

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25
Q

What is situational (environmental) psychology?

A

Situational psychology emphasizes that behavior is primarily influenced by external environmental factors and situations.

Skeptical perspectives

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26
Q

What is dispositional (personal) psychology?

A

Dispositional psychology argues that behavior is largely determined by internal personality traits and characteristics.

Credulous Perspective

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27
Q

What is the 2 key distinction in measuring personality?

A

The key distinction is between measuring a person’s typical response/feeling (trait level) and their present/current response/feeling (state level).

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28
Q

What are the two types of personality measures

A

General measures

Situation-specific measures (e.g., sport-specific)

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29
Q

What factors should be considered when measuring personality?

A

Consider the purpose of the measurement or research question—whether to measure state or trait, or whether it pertains to sport or global contexts.

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30
Q

What factors should be considered when measuring personality?

A

Consider the purpose of the measurement or research question—whether to measure state or trait, or whether it pertains to sport or global contexts.

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31
Q

How does state differ from trait?

A

A state is a temporary feeling (e.g., feeling proud), while a trait is a stable characteristic (e.g., being a proud person).

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32
Q

Which type of trait test tends to predict behavior more accurately?

A

Situation-specific trait tests tend to predict behavior more accurately than general trait measures.

33
Q

Should psychological tests be used for team
selection

A

There will always be measurement error p, must be supplemented with observation
It can be a useful tool to work effectively with people if the measurements are good

34
Q

Personality test to make clinical diagnosis?

A

Most personality test are usually not used to make clinical diagnosis

35
Q

If you did measure personality, what are some
important implications regarding results?
• How should results be given? How should they be used?

A

Also making sure the results are interpreted accurately

A professional to explain and answer question

If people, know it will be used to choose players, players will not be assessed accurately

Confenditiality

36
Q

Why should you be cautious when using online personality tests, especially for sports?

A

Many sites claiming to measure sport personality or suggest activities based on traits are unsound, untested, and unreliable.

37
Q

What is often lacking in many online personality tests?

A

Many online personality tests lack validity evidence and are often designed to generate revenue rather than provide accurate assessments.

38
Q

What should you keep in mind when using online personality tests?

A

Be a critical consumer and avoid using tests that lack scientific backing or credibility.

39
Q

Ethical Points Relevant to Assessment:

A

Professional judgment and behaviour (e.g., confidentiality,
integrity, and protection).
• Inform athletes of test nature, use of results, and who has
access.
• Do not mislead about validity (truth) of tests scores.
• Ensure confidentiality.
• Administered by qualified persons.

40
Q

What ethical points are relevant to personality assessment?

A

Professional judgment and behavior (e.g., confidentiality, integrity, and protection).

Informing athletes about the test’s nature, use of results, and who has access.

41
Q

How should the validity of personality test scores be handled ethically?

A

Do not mislead about the validity of test scores; ensure accuracy and transparency when using assessments.

42
Q

What is essential to ensure when administering personality tests?

A

Ensure confidentiality of test results.

Tests should be administered by qualified professionals.

43
Q

What should you know when using psychological measures?

A

Know the principles of testing and measurement error, as all psychological tests contain some degree of error.

44
Q

What should you use when measuring psychological traits?

A

Use validated and well-designed measures to ensure accuracy and reliability.

45
Q

What is social desirability bias, and why is it important?

A

Social desirability bias occurs when people respond in ways they think are more socially acceptable. It can distort results.

46
Q

How can social desirability bias be minimized in psychological testing?

A

It can be minimized by ensuring anonymity, using indirect questioning, or employing measures that account for this bias.

47
Q

How can social desirability bias be minimized in psychological testing?

A

It can be minimized by ensuring anonymity, using indirect questioning, or employing measures that account for this bias.

48
Q

What limitations should be considered when using psychological measures?

A

What is a person qualified to administer?

• Is the measure appropriate for the participant?

• Is the measure appropriate for the situation?

• Include explanation and feedback

• Athletes should know the purpose of the tests, what they measure, and how the tests are going to be used.

• Feedback should be directed towards athletes lear

49
Q

What is an important ethical consideration in using psychological measures?

A

Issues of confidentiality must be carefully navigated to protect the participant’s privacy.

50
Q

What is an intra-individual approach in psychological measurement?

A

It involves comparing a person’s scores to their own standards or levels, rather than comparing to others (inter-individual).

51
Q

What factors should be considered when choosing psychological measures?

A

Are the measures sport-specific and age-appropriate?

Do they measure state or trait?

Are they culturally appropriate and/or clinical if needed?

52
Q

Your Role in
Understanding Personality

A

Consider both personality traits and situations.

Be an informed consumer.
• How and when to use personality tests; Ethics and guidelines for personality testing

Be a good communicator.
• Testing can give you information, but so can a
conversation – listening and rapport

Be a good observer.
• Observe behaviour in different situations for a more broad
understanding

Be knowledgeable about mental strategies.
• Selection based on individual personality

53
Q

Selected Findings in Personality Research (1)

A

Some relationship exists between personality
traits and states and sport performance, but it is
far from perfect or precise.

No single definitive personality profile has been
found that consistently distinguishes athletes from
non-athletes.
• Some differences by sport (when comparing to non-
athletes); however, these are limited.

54
Q

Selected Findings in Personality Research (1)

A

Some relationship exists between personality
traits and states and sport performance, but it is
far from perfect or precise.

No single definitive personality profile has been
found that consistently distinguishes athletes from
non-athletes.
• Some differences by sport (when comparing to non-
athletes); however, these are limited.

55
Q

Are there relationship between personality traits, states, and sport performance?

A

Some relationship exists between personality traits and states and sport performance, but it is far from perfect or precise.

56
Q

Is there a definitive personality profile that distinguishes athletes from non-athletes?

A

No single definitive personality profile has been found that consistently distinguishes athletes from non-athletes.

Some differences by sport (when comparing to non-athletes) exist, but these are limited.

57
Q

Are there significant personality differences between genders in sports?

A

Few personality differences are evident when
looking at gender.

58
Q

How do high-level athletes differ from less successful athletes in terms of emotions?

A

High-level athletes are more skilled at keeping emotions stable and positive through well-developed, automatic coping strategies, though this is more about coping than personality in general.

The differences come how someone might behave or response in a environment, more about the skill they manage to develop

59
Q

Can the study of personality in sport be further developed? And Should we expect personality research to explain everything in sport?

A

Yes, the study of personality in sport can be further developed, potentially offering more predictive utility.

No, personality research isn’t expected to explain everything or be appropriate in all contexts.

60
Q

Sport Personality Research –
Example key constructs

A

Risk taking and sensation seeking

• Competitiveness

• Perfectionism (won’t cover now… will focus more on this
later in Module 9).

• Passion

• Mental Toughness

61
Q

Risk taking (personality lecture)

A

Involves narrowing physical and psychological safety
margins

Do so because that are trying to get a stimulation , stimulus seeking, often okay with taken risks

62
Q

Sensation (stimulus) seeking involves

A

seeking of varied, novel,
complex, and intense sensations and experiences, and the
willingness to take multiple risks to obtain experiences

63
Q

How might personality help in understanding motivation in extreme sports?

A

Athletes high in stimulus seeking have higher physiological activation levels, which are fueled by taking risks.

64
Q

What might sensation seeking be linked to according to some researchers?

A

Sensation seeking might be a heritable personality trait linked to the dopamine system.

65
Q

What might sensation seeking be linked to according to some researchers?

A

Sensation seeking might be a heritable personality trait linked to the dopamine system.

66
Q

What traits are often related to high-risk tendencies?

A

High-risk tendencies are often related to emotional stability, self-efficacy, and conscientiousness, though they decline with age.

67
Q

How do high-risk tendencies vary by gender and age?

A

Men are more drawn to high risk than women, but there are considerable individual differences within age and gender groups.

68
Q

Competitiveness

A

Desire to engage in and strive for success in sport achievement Situations

69
Q

• Three dimensions of an athlete’s desire to win:

A
  1. Competitiveness
  2. Win orientation
  3. Goal orientation

• Seems to be a characteristic of elite athletes

• Athletes tend to score higher than non-athletes

• However, again, there are individual differences within any category…
• Thus you’ll find varying results in different studies

70
Q

Harmonious Passion (HP):

A

Engaging in an activity with a sense of
control, flexibility, and balance.

HP is most likely to facilitate optimal functioning and adaptive
outcomes

Positively related to performance

Linked to optimal functioning

71
Q

Obsessive Passion (OP)

A

Involves feeling passion but with an
overwhelming and all-consuming urge to engage.

OP is less likely to lead to adaptive outcomes and often leads to more
maladaptive outcomes

Can lead to over training

72
Q

Mental toughness:

A

A set of positive characteristics that allow the person to cope with challenging situations to attain
important achievement goals.

An athlete who is mentally tough has a lot of tools to cope in challenging situations

73
Q

Psychological characteristics of mental toughnes

A

perceived control,
competitiveness, concentration, confidence, commitment,
determination, desire, focus, emotional intelligence,
resilience, persistence, and optimism

74
Q

The 4C Model of Mental Toughness (Clough et al., 2002):

A
  1. Challenge to overcome situations
  2. Control over experiences
  3. Confidence to overcome experiences
  4. Commitment to achieving goals
75
Q

Key characteristics of mental toughness identified in three
broad categories (Jones et al., 2002):

A
  1. Strong self-confidence and motivation
  2. Ability to manage the stress of competition and training
  3. Ability to maintain or regain focus in the face of
    distraction
76
Q

What distinguishes more successful athletes from less successful ones?(Orlick)

A

High levels of commitment and the ability to focus and refocus (Orlick & Partington, 1988).

77
Q

What are key aspects of mental toughness?

A

Mental toughness requires maintenance (Connaughton et al., 2008).

It helps athletes cope with tough challenges (Wilson et al., 2019) and involves various personal characteristics and psychological skills.

78
Q

Why is knowledge about personality important?

A

It helps us work more effectively with people by understanding their behaviors, cognitions, and emotions.

79
Q

How does personality impact behavior?

A

Personality interacts with key psychological and environmental variables to influence behaviors, cognitions, and emotions.

Kin 303 (13 decks)

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