Module 11 Flashcards
Normative Discontent:
Majority of children, adolescents,
and adults in Western cultures reporting dissatisfaction
with body shape, size, weight, or appearances.
•Negative & positive body image associated with
psychological, physical, social outcomes & behavioural
outcomes such as PA.
•Athletes are certainly not immune
Normative Discontent:
Notes
Normative discontent: a lot of people in North America to be dissatisfied with some attribute of the body
High degree of normative discontent, Canada he causes by social interactions, there has been a positive movement to move a way from this
Body image (BI):
A multidimensional construct that reflects a
person’s feelings, attitudes, self-perceptions, thoughts,
beliefs, cognitions, and behaviours related to their body appearance and function.
It’s also about how the body functions not just how it looks
4 dimensions of Body Image
Affective, cognitive, perceptual, or behavioural dimensions and can be
positive or negative.
•Positive may infer accurate perceptions, positive thoughts, & adaptive or healthy behaviours.
•Negative may infer unfavourable perceptions, negative thoughts, &
maladaptive or health-risk behaviours.
Body Image Dimensions
Affective dimension
Body related feelings & emotions. (Anxiety, shame pride,guilt)
Shame guilty and pride: Self conscious emotions, a person evaluating themselves, tied to the behaviour they are engaging in
Examples: social physique anxiety, Body-related shame, Body-related guilt, Body-related Pride
Body Image Dimensions
Affective dimension
- Social physique Anxiety
Social physique anxiety: Anxiety a person experiences as a result of perceived or actual judgement from others
Body Image Dimensions
Affective dimension
- Body-related shame
Body- related shame: A negative self-conscious emotion that arises
when personal characteristics and attribute are perceived as undesirable and highly focused on the self
Body Image Dimensions
Affective dimension
- Body-related guilt
Body-related guilt: A negative self-conscious emotion that arises
when failing to complete an action or behaviour or when engaging in
an undesirable behaviour.
If an athlete was not following the diet plan, and they put that emotion on not doing that diet
Body Image Dimensions
Affective dimension
- Body-related pride
Body-related pride: A positive self-conscious emotion that results
from an individual feeling satisfied with their body-related behaviour
or physical attributes and characteristics.
Body Image Dimensions
• Cognitive dimension:
assessed by measures asking levels of satisfaction or dissatisfaction.
Are we happy or satisfied
Body Image Dimensions
• Perceptual dimension:
Mental representation or
reflections on body appearance and function.
“How people perceive their bodies”
• Perceptual disturbance: Underestimation or overestimation
of body size or weight.
Body Image Dimensions
• Behavioural dimension:
Choices & actions based on perceptions, feelings & thoughts about body size,
weights & function.
• Manifested by avoiding situation or events, wearing certain
clothing, dieting, steroid use, etc.
“Avoiding situation or events, I won’t want to go to the pool because I’m out of shape and look bad shirtless”
Body image investment:
Overall impact of BI on
perceptions, emotions, cognitions, & behaviours.
•Impacts beliefs/assumptions about importance, meaning,
& influence of appearance.
•Research directed to highlighting value of focusing on BI
evaluation & investment.
Body Dissatisfaction
• a negative subjective evaluation of one’s own body or physical appearance, encompassing dissatisfaction with specific body parts, overall shape, weight, or size, and
discrepancies between one’s perceived body and ideal body image.
• influenced by sociocultural, psychological, and biological factors
•considered a central component of body image disturbance.
Body Image Concerns and
Pathologies (examples)
-Body dysmorphia
• Body dysmorphia: Over-exaggerated & inaccurate perceptions of
flawed body parts.
Fixated on somthing ex- arms are too small It’s a descrepancy between what you think they are and what they actually are.
Body Image Concerns and
Pathologies (examples)
• Muscle dysmorphia:
A chronic preoccupation with insufficient
muscularity & muscle mass.
U might think ur arms are skinny but there is a significant amount of muscle mass there.
Body Image Concerns and
Pathologies (examples)
•Body dysmorphic disorder:
A preoccupation with imagined appearance
defects causing stress & daily functioning impairment.
Body Image Concerns and
Pathologies (examples)
Drive for thickness
Common in girls and women= not about actual and perceived, just want to be skinny
Body Image Concerns and
Pathologies (examples)
•Drive for muscularity
Like they want to be toned
Body Image Concerns and
Pathologies (examples)
Clinical eating disorders:
Anorexia nervosa
Intense fear of gaining weight and fat. Restrict their food intake and leads to less body weight.
Body Image Concerns and
Pathologies (examples)
Clinical eating disorders:
Bulimia nervosa
Binge eating (a lot of food within a short time) they compensate to that by self induced vomiting and excessive
Body Image Concerns and
Pathologies (examples)
Clinical eating disorders:
Binge eating disorder
Binge eating but doesn’t hv the compensation action done. (They feel like they are out of control.
Binge eating but with out the purging aspect of it
Body Image Concerns and
Pathologies (examples)
Clinical eating disorders:
Important to also consider:
Clinical eating disorders and disordered eating are often accompanied by other mental health conditions (e.g., anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, substance abuse disorder
Disordered eating
Excessive exercise
Eating Disorders
(APA, 1994; Smink, van Hoeken, & Hoek,
2012)
• Eating disorders are serious mental illnesses with high-mortality rates that can be long-standing and make a significant negative impact to the
individual’s quality of life
Eating disorder
Eating disorders are characterized by a
preoccupation with food, body weight and shape
that leads to behaviour such as starvation, fasting,
binge eating and purging and excessive exercise
• Pathogenic behaviour becomes the main focus in
daily life.
• Other areas in life such as family, school/work and social life are given less priority
Eating disorder signs and symptoms
Module 11- slide 14
Consequences of eating disorders
• Heath consequences
• Performance consequences
• Other personal consequences
Consequences of eating disorders
• Heath consequences
• Can be extensive
• Can impact functioning of the nervous and cardiac systems; decrease
bone mineral density, loss of lean body mass, hormonal imbalance;
skin conditions; hair loss; etc
Consequences of eating disorders
• Performance consequences
-Athletes said that there is a increase in performance
• Physical implications
• Psychological implications (Pre occupation with the behaviours around the disorder)
Consequences of eating disorders
• Other personal consequences
• Psychological
• Social
-High degree of stress about body image,
withdraw from social circles, and tend to be more private
Prevalence in sport
• Disordered eating
• Disordered eating is more prevalent among athletes than non-athletes
• Suggests this is a important problem in the sport domain
• The majority of studies looking at prevalence of eating disorders focus on female athletes
Prevalence
• Eating disorders are not limited to women and girls
(Domine et al., 2009)
• Men and boys can also be affected
• Eating disorders and disordered eating exist in all gender groups
Females up to 90% of people who will reach out for help, however in the sport domain woman n girls are more prevalent
Prevalence in sport
Adolescent and adult athletes
The prevalence of disordered eating and eating disorders is
high among adolescent and adult athletes, especially among
athletes competing in weight sensitive sports
Prevalence in sport (Eating Disorder)
Can be higher in weight sensitive sports - weightlifting, boxing
Reported prevalence rates are higher in sports:
-that have an aesthetic element (e.g., gymnastics, figure skating)
-that have weight class (e.g., rowing, wrestling, boxing)
- where having a low body mass is seen as advantageous
(e.g., distance / endurance running and cycling)
Prevalence in sport (Eating disorder)
College athletes
Lean sport
-College/university aged populations show higher
prevalence rates
Athletes in lean sports exhibited more disordered eating behaviours compared to athletes in non-lean sports
-Also exhibited more body dissatisfaction
-Seems to hold across various levels of competitions
Prevalence in sport - Challenges
• Challenges with measurement and reporting
• Likely underestimated
• However, looking at prevalence can still be
valuable as it gives an estimate of the number of
athletes at risk.
- Or subgroups of athletes
What do we know about riskfactors?
• Lack of longitudinal studies make the identification of
“definitive” risk factors difficult to determine.
• And it is likely a combination of several factors that contribute to
disordered eating
What do we know about riskfactors?
• The development of eating disorders and disordered
eating is considered multifactorial.
• Predisposing factors: biological, psychological, and sociocultural
factors
• Trigger factors: negative comments, traumatic experiences
• Perpetuating factors: influence of others, physiological
consequences
• Sport-specific risk factors should also be considered.
Summary of Suggested Risk Factors
General risk factors
• Biology and genetics
• Age
• Pubertal status
• Anabolic-androgenic steroid use
• Physical and/or sexual abuse
Summary of Suggested Risk Factors
Psychological risk factors
• Body dissatisfaction
• Low self-esteem
• Personality traits (e.g. perfectionism)
• Negative affect
Summary of Suggested Risk Factors
Socio-cultural risk factors
• Eating disorders in the family
• Peer pressure
• Influence of media
• Bullying
Summary of Suggested Risk Factors
Sport-specific risk factors
• Weight cycling and dieting pressure
• Early start of sport-specific training
• Traumatic events including injuries
• Coaching behaviour
• Rules and regulations in sports
Detection of eating disorders
Some teams have put screening procedures in
place.
Issues may be detected by coach, support staff,
doctor, parent, teammate, or the athlete
Treatment & Prevention (Body image)
Education
-Recognizing warning signs
- How to help / refer
Integrated support team approach
*Education - building capacity and knowing how to discuss
Early warning signs
Know what’s naturally possible Better understanding of your body’s
Treatment approaches are varied, depending on the issues at hand.
-Refer to a psychologist
Return to Sport
(Body image)
• No specific widespread guidelines currently exist
• Specific criteria would be helpful for those guiding
athletes
• Multiple factors to consider: status of recovery,
type of sport, potential for triggers
• What is full recovery
-We need more evidence based guidelines, we do not have any right now because the issue is so complex
Moving forward – Important
issues to address
(Body image)
Studying young athletes
Influence of teammates
Influence of coach
Influence of environment
Assessing exercise in athletes
- What is an acceptable amount? How can we assess when it
becomes excessive?
- Sport as a “reason” for excessive exercise
Best practices for treatment
- As well as prevention and detection
Theories Related to Body Image
Sociocultural theories of body image
1. Tripartite Influence Model of Body Image
2. Self-Discrepancy Theory
Tripartite Influence Model of Body Image
Three main influences of body image
•Proposes media, parents, & peers influences BI.
Tripartite Influence Model of Body Image
Media
- Repeated media exposure to idealized & attractive images may promote self-criticism.
• Social media platforms support positive & negative
BI.
• Desire to post favourably & self-promote may lead
viewers to envy & shame.
- Shame is that negative emotion that is linked to self, it’s not linked to behaviour, something we try to avoid
Tripartite Influence Model of Body Image
Parent
•Parents may influence negative BI by:
• Rejection, setting appearance norms, & modelling
behaviour, encouraging weight control & shape,
and behaviours like teasing and being negative.
-If children feel like they don’t meet the expectations of there parents
Tripartite Influence Model of Body Image
Peers
• Peers may influence negative BI by:
• Social disapproval/rejection, teasing, body-related
feedback about weight & shape, & negative
commentary.
Tripartite Influence Model of Body Image
•* Note both parents and peers also stand to promote positive BI. How?
Help model body positivity by taking care of body, dispel negative ideals, and the ability to bring individuals up
Self-Discrepancy Theory
•Compare self to internalized standards called self-guides.
•Two types of self-guides:
1. Ideal self
2. Ought self
•Two types of self-discrepancies:
1. Actual:ideal discrepancy
2. Actual:ought discrepancy
Self-Discrepancy Theory
Ideal self
reflects hopes & aspirations of what people want to be.
If there were no constrains, ultimate desire to look like or do
Self-Discrepancy Theory
Ought self
Reflect a what individual thinking the y should be
- able to get
Self-Discrepancy Theory
Actual: ideal discrepancy
-occurs when perception is current state is discrepancy from the it ideal State
Actual is how they are viewing themselves (it’s there perception)
Self-Discrepancy Theory
Actual: ought discrepancy
-occurs when perception is current state is discrepancy from state they feel they should be
Actual is how they are viewing themselves (it’s there perception)
Factors associated with the
development of negative body image
• Gender
• Illness
• Injury
• Sport involvement and type
• Social and environmental factors
Factors associated with the
development of negative body image
Gender
Illness
Injury
• Gender
-Women report more
• Illness/Injury
-Influence how people Think and feel about there body, it can impact what there bodies can do and look Like.
Factors associated with the
development of negative body image
• Sport involvement and type
• Social and environmental factors
• Sport involvement and type
-Weigh class sports and aesthetic sports
• Social and environmental factors
-Feeling of being evaluated, some sport that do have a evaluation component, a lot of sport are evaluative, evaluation on what the body can do , a lot of comparison, these environments with high degree of perception of evaluation can be very negative for an individual
People with high social physique anxiety would be affected more
Body Image Outcomes
• Physical activity
• Health compromising behaviours
• Mental health
• Cardiometabolic risk factors
Body Image Outcomes
• Physical activity
Positive side: Promote or decrease PA, I look good I don’t need to be active, I look good, I want to continue to look good
Authentic pride has higher levels of exercise retention
Hubristic pride will dos not have the same relationships with increasing PA
Body Image Outcomes
Health compromising behaviours
Mental health
Negative BI leads to
More unhealthy eating behaviour, drinking , smoking, riskier sexual behaviour , depressive symptoms, social physique anxiety
Big people get more plastic surgery done or abuse more substance, riskier sexual behaviour
Body Image Outcomes
• Cardiometabolic risk factors
Increased level of cortisol, immune markers, linked to different cardiovascular diseases,
The link is the stress in managing the body image issues
The appearance performance paradox
• Many athletes talk about the “appearance –
performance” struggles
The body that’s required for sport ilooos different than the body that is required for a social
Setting
Muscular women in sport vs want to be less muscular in social
Considerations for Sport
Professionals
• Create supportive environments that limit judgments,
evaluations & dispel body ideals.
• Create appreciation of unique bodies.
• Create intervention strategies to manage appearance- related social pressures.
• Develop interventions that involve parents and peers promotion positive body image norms.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN EATING DISORDER AND DISORDERED EATING?
• Eating disorders are clinically diagnosed mental health conditions characterized by severe disturbances in eating behaviours and related thoughts and emotions.
• Defined by the DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders).
• Diagnosis requires meeting specific criteria set by mental health professionals, including patterns of behaviour, emotional distress, and physical health impacts
• Eg, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder
• These disorders often lead to serious physical, psychological, and social consequences, including malnutrition, organ damage, and significant impairment in daily functioning.
• Treatment typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including medical care, therapy, and sometimes medication.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN EATING DISORDER AND DISORDERED EATING?
• Disordered eating involves a range of irregular eating behaviours that do not meet the full criteria for an eating disorder but may still negatively impact an individual’s physical and mental health.
• Eg, chronic dieting, skipping meals, extreme calorie counting, using food as a coping mechanism, or following rigid food rules without medical necessity (e.g., unnecessary food restrictions)
• Not a clinical diagnosis; instead, it is a descriptive term for unhealthy eating patterns or behaviours.
• May not cause the same level of harm as eating disorders but can still lead to physical and emotional stress, poor nutrition, and, in some cases, progress into an eating disorder if left unaddressed
