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Molecular Immunology > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what stimulates the differentiation from monoblast to monocyte

A

M-CSF

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2
Q

unactivated leukocytes are found whee

A

in circualtion

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3
Q

activation of leukocytes leads to

A

migration to inflamed tissue

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4
Q

when endothelial cells are activated what happens

A

there is an increase in adhesiveness for circulating leukocytes

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5
Q

adhesion is mediated by what

A

selectins and integrins

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6
Q

what are selectins

A

carbohydrate binding plasma membrane adhesion molecules

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7
Q

what do selectins do

A

mediate the initial steps of low affinity adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells

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8
Q

what types of selectins do endothelial cells express

A

p-selectin and e-selectin

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9
Q

E and P selectin bind to what

A

leukocyte ligands PSGL-1

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10
Q

expressed exclusively by cytokine activated endothelial cells and is important for the migration of leukocytes

A

E-selctin

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11
Q

found in secretory granules of endothelail cells when expressed on the cell surface it mediates the binding of leukocytes, lymphocytes or monocytes

A

p selectin

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12
Q

CD62L

A

l selectin expressed on the surface of lymphocytes and is the homing receptor for lymph nodes

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13
Q

CD62L function

A

homing receptor for lymphocytes

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14
Q

P and E selectin are activates by what cytokines

A

TNF and IL-1

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15
Q

L selectin is expressed by what cells

A

neutrophils monocytes t cells and b cells

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16
Q

integrins are composed of what polypeptide chains

A

alpha and beta

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17
Q

what mediates the adhesion of cells to other cells or the extracellular matrix

A

integrins

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18
Q

what cells express ICAM-1

A

activated endothelial cells

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19
Q

what is the ligand for ICAM-1

A

LFA-1

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20
Q

integrins do what in response to intracellular signals

A

increase their avidity for ligands through activation

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21
Q

what changes avidity

A

integrin clustering on leukocyte membrane and confirmational changes that enhance the affinity of ligand binding

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22
Q

what is the receptor for chemokine CCL19

A

CCR7

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23
Q

what is the function of CCL19-CCR7 binding

A

t cell and dendritic cell migration into t cell lymph node zones

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24
Q

CXCR5 binds to

A

CXCL13 BCA-1

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25
Q

CXCR function

A

b cell migration into follicles

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26
Q

CXCL 12 binds to

A

CXCR 4

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27
Q

function of cxcr 4

A

regulates stem cell trafficking, inflammation, and tissue regeneration

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28
Q

CXCR4 mutation causes what

A

neutropenia WHIM

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29
Q

what is WHIM

A

mutation causing increase in chemokine signaling and a reduction in peripheral leukocytes

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30
Q

selectin selectin ligand interactions are

A

low affinity

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31
Q

selectin selectin ligand binding causes what

A

leukocytes to bind detach and bind again causing a rolling of the leukocyte on the endothelium

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32
Q

what stimulates chemotaxis

A

TNF and IL-1

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33
Q

TNF and IL-1 do what to endothelial cells

A

increase expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1

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34
Q

what is the first and secound leukocytes to enter sites of infection

A

neutrophils first and then monocytes follow hours later

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35
Q

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency LAD

A

a defect in LFA-1 that results in bacterial infections, neutrophils cannot be recruited to sites of infection

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36
Q

lymphocyte recirculation

A

naive t cells move from the blood to lymph nodes and through lymphatics back to the blood

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37
Q

the process by which different lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes or specific tissues is called

A

homing

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38
Q

naive t cells enter lymph nodes through what

A

high endothelial venules HEV

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39
Q

rolling of naive t cells on hev is mediated by

A

l selectin on the t cell binding its ligand GLYCAM-1 on the HEVS

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40
Q

Firm adhesion of t cells to hevs is mediated by

A

LFA-1 and VLA-4

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41
Q

what increases the binding affinity of integrins

A

CCL19

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42
Q

the exit of naive t cells from lymph nodes involves what

A

sphingosine 1 phosphate S1P

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43
Q

SIP to SIP receptors on t cells does what

A

stimulates movement of the t cells out of the lymph nodes along a SIP gradient

44
Q

the SIPR level of t cell in the blood is

A

low

45
Q

skin t cells express what

A

CLA-1, CCR4 and CCR10

46
Q

CLA-1 binds to

A

E selectin

47
Q

gut t cells express

A

LPAM-1 CCR9 and CCL25

48
Q

LPAM-1 binds to

A

MADCAM-1

49
Q

immature b cells leave the bone marrow and

A

enter the red pulp of the spleen

50
Q

in the spleen what happens to b cells

A

they mature into follicular b cells or marginal zone b cells

51
Q

follicular b cells migrate via

A

integrins and CXCL13 to the white pulp

52
Q

follicular b cells migrate where in the spleen

A

white pulp

53
Q

what is the egress of b cells from secoundary lymphatic organs dependent on

A

SIP

54
Q

microbial substances that stimulate innate immunity are

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns PAMPs

55
Q

Molecules produced by damaged or dying cells

A

damaged associated molecular patterns DMAPS

56
Q

cell death caused by apoptosis does not release DAMPS
T or F

A

true

57
Q

receptors on innate immune cells that bind pamps are

A

pattern recognition receptor PRR

58
Q

PAMPS to

A

PRR

59
Q

PPRs are encoded where

A

germline

60
Q

what type of cells express PRRs

A

neutrophils macrophages dendritic cells and endothelial cells

61
Q

membrane spanning proteins that share a common extracellular structural element LRRS flanked by cysteine rich motifs

A

TLRs

62
Q

NLRs

A

nod like receptors

63
Q

NOD1 and NOD2 are expressed where

A

cytoplasm

64
Q

What do NOD 1&2 do

A

recognize peptides or components of intracellular bacteria

65
Q

inflammasome

A

NLPRs respond to cytoplasmic pamps and damps by forming a signaling complex called the inflammasome to generate active forms of IL-1

66
Q

RLRs

A

promote the cynthesis of antiviral type 1 interferons

67
Q

CDS detect to

A

cytosolic DNA and activate signaling pathways that trigger anti viral responses like the production of type 1 interferons

68
Q

STING pathway

A

major mechanism for the DNA induced activation of type 1 interferons

69
Q

where is sting found

A

in the endoplasmic reticulum

70
Q

what activates sting

A

microbial dna in the cytosol

71
Q

upon the detection of microbial dna STING

A

translocates to the golgi and activats IRF3 that induces the expression of type 1 interferons

72
Q

DAI binds

A

DNA and acrivates IRF3

73
Q

AIM2

A

recognizes microbial DNA and forms the capase 1 inflammasome to process IL-1 and IL-18

74
Q

scavenger receptors

A

mediate uptake of oxidized lipoproteins into cells

75
Q

what are the major scavenger receptors on phagocytes

A

CD36, CD68, SRB1

76
Q

defensins

A

directly toxic to microbes and activates cells involved in inflammation

77
Q

cathelicidins

A

LL-37 has directed toxicity against microbes and can activate leukocytes

78
Q

natural antibodies recognize

A

lipid or carbohydrate antigen and IgM antibodies

79
Q

classical pathway

A

C1 binds antibodies attached to the surface of a microes

80
Q

major effector mechanism of humoral immunity

A

classical pathway

81
Q

alternative pathway

A

triggered when c3 recognizes PAMPs on microbes and is activated, spontaneous cleavage of C3 normally occurs at low levels and is inhibited by healthy cells

82
Q

lectin pathway

A

uses mannose bindign lectin MBL to recognize terminal mannose residues on microbial surface structures

83
Q

MBL functions similar to

A

C1

84
Q

C3 convertase cleaves

A

C3 into C3a

85
Q

C3a does what

A

stimulates inflammation and helps recruit neutrophils to sites of infection and c3b that binds to other complement proteins on the surface of microbes to form the c5 convertase

86
Q

C5 convertase cleaves

A

c5 to c5a which is a chemoattractant and c5b which initiates the formation of the membrane attack complex

87
Q

pentraxins

A

plasma proteins that recognize pamps or microbial structures

88
Q

can activate complement and are increased in response to inflammation

A

CRP SAP PTX3

89
Q

acute phase reactants

A

can activate complement and are increased in response to inflammation

90
Q

Cells of the myeloid lineage

A

neutrophils, mononuclear phagocytes and dendritic cells.

91
Q

Cells of the lymphocyte lineage

A

NK cells, γδT cells (intraepithelial), and B-1 B cells.

92
Q

soluble mediators

A

complement, acute phase reactants, and antibodies

93
Q

what molecules are found in the phagolysosome

A

ROS,NO, and lysosomal enzymes

94
Q

what is the first step of phagocytosis

A

recognition and binding of the microbe

95
Q

what PRRs are present on phagocytes

A

C-type lectins, mannose receptors, TLRs and scavenger receptors

96
Q

phagocytes have receptors called

A

Fc receptors

97
Q

Fc receptors

A

used for opsonin like antibodies that coat microbes or have complement receptors that bind complement on the surface of microbes

98
Q

once a microbe binds to a receptor on the phagocyte the membrane zips up to form an intracellular vesicle called

A

phagosome

99
Q

TLRs function

A

works together with cytokine receptors to activate phagocytes

100
Q

once activated phagosomes fuse with

A

lysosomes to form phagolysosomes

101
Q

ROS

A

reactive oxygen species

102
Q

ROS function

A

reactive oxidizing agent that kills micrboes and is called respiratory burst

103
Q

dendritic cells and macrophages that are activated produce what cytokines

A

TNF, IL-1, IL-6 which are essential mediators of the innate immune system

104
Q

stimulates IFN-gamma production by NK cells and helps the differentiation of effector cells of the adative immune response

A

IL-12

105
Q

enhances the effector function of NK cells

A

IL-18

106
Q

enhances nk cell signaling and growth and survival of t cells

A

IL-15

Molecular Immunology (6 decks)

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