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Molecular Immunology > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what stimulates the differentiation from monoblast to monocyte

A

M-CSF

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2
Q

unactivated leukocytes are found whee

A

in circualtion

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3
Q

activation of leukocytes leads to

A

migration to inflamed tissue

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4
Q

when endothelial cells are activated what happens

A

there is an increase in adhesiveness for circulating leukocytes

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5
Q

adhesion is mediated by what

A

selectins and integrins

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6
Q

what are selectins

A

carbohydrate binding plasma membrane adhesion molecules

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7
Q

what do selectins do

A

mediate the initial steps of low affinity adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells

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8
Q

what types of selectins do endothelial cells express

A

p-selectin and e-selectin

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9
Q

E and P selectin bind to what

A

leukocyte ligands PSGL-1

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10
Q

expressed exclusively by cytokine activated endothelial cells and is important for the migration of leukocytes

A

E-selctin

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11
Q

found in secretory granules of endothelail cells when expressed on the cell surface it mediates the binding of leukocytes, lymphocytes or monocytes

A

p selectin

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12
Q

CD62L

A

l selectin expressed on the surface of lymphocytes and is the homing receptor for lymph nodes

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13
Q

CD62L function

A

homing receptor for lymphocytes

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14
Q

P and E selectin are activates by what cytokines

A

TNF and IL-1

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15
Q

L selectin is expressed by what cells

A

neutrophils monocytes t cells and b cells

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16
Q

integrins are composed of what polypeptide chains

A

alpha and beta

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17
Q

what mediates the adhesion of cells to other cells or the extracellular matrix

A

integrins

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18
Q

what cells express ICAM-1

A

activated endothelial cells

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19
Q

what is the ligand for ICAM-1

A

LFA-1

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20
Q

integrins do what in response to intracellular signals

A

increase their avidity for ligands through activation

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21
Q

what changes avidity

A

integrin clustering on leukocyte membrane and confirmational changes that enhance the affinity of ligand binding

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22
Q

what is the receptor for chemokine CCL19

A

CCR7

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23
Q

what is the function of CCL19-CCR7 binding

A

t cell and dendritic cell migration into t cell lymph node zones

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24
Q

CXCR5 binds to

A

CXCL13 BCA-1

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25
CXCR function
b cell migration into follicles
26
CXCL 12 binds to
CXCR 4
27
function of cxcr 4
regulates stem cell trafficking, inflammation, and tissue regeneration
28
CXCR4 mutation causes what
neutropenia WHIM
29
what is WHIM
mutation causing increase in chemokine signaling and a reduction in peripheral leukocytes
30
selectin selectin ligand interactions are
low affinity
31
selectin selectin ligand binding causes what
leukocytes to bind detach and bind again causing a rolling of the leukocyte on the endothelium
32
what stimulates chemotaxis
TNF and IL-1
33
TNF and IL-1 do what to endothelial cells
increase expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1
34
what is the first and secound leukocytes to enter sites of infection
neutrophils first and then monocytes follow hours later
35
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency LAD
a defect in LFA-1 that results in bacterial infections, neutrophils cannot be recruited to sites of infection
36
lymphocyte recirculation
naive t cells move from the blood to lymph nodes and through lymphatics back to the blood
37
the process by which different lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes or specific tissues is called
homing
38
naive t cells enter lymph nodes through what
high endothelial venules HEV
39
rolling of naive t cells on hev is mediated by
l selectin on the t cell binding its ligand GLYCAM-1 on the HEVS
40
Firm adhesion of t cells to hevs is mediated by
LFA-1 and VLA-4
41
what increases the binding affinity of integrins
CCL19
42
the exit of naive t cells from lymph nodes involves what
sphingosine 1 phosphate S1P
43
SIP to SIP receptors on t cells does what
stimulates movement of the t cells out of the lymph nodes along a SIP gradient
44
the SIPR level of t cell in the blood is
low
45
skin t cells express what
CLA-1, CCR4 and CCR10
46
CLA-1 binds to
E selectin
47
gut t cells express
LPAM-1 CCR9 and CCL25
48
LPAM-1 binds to
MADCAM-1
49
immature b cells leave the bone marrow and
enter the red pulp of the spleen
50
in the spleen what happens to b cells
they mature into follicular b cells or marginal zone b cells
51
follicular b cells migrate via
integrins and CXCL13 to the white pulp
52
follicular b cells migrate where in the spleen
white pulp
53
what is the egress of b cells from secoundary lymphatic organs dependent on
SIP
54
microbial substances that stimulate innate immunity are
pathogen associated molecular patterns PAMPs
55
Molecules produced by damaged or dying cells
damaged associated molecular patterns DMAPS
56
cell death caused by apoptosis does not release DAMPS T or F
true
57
receptors on innate immune cells that bind pamps are
pattern recognition receptor PRR
58
PAMPS to
PRR
59
PPRs are encoded where
germline
60
what type of cells express PRRs
neutrophils macrophages dendritic cells and endothelial cells
61
membrane spanning proteins that share a common extracellular structural element LRRS flanked by cysteine rich motifs
TLRs
62
NLRs
nod like receptors
63
NOD1 and NOD2 are expressed where
cytoplasm
64
What do NOD 1&2 do
recognize peptides or components of intracellular bacteria
65
inflammasome
NLPRs respond to cytoplasmic pamps and damps by forming a signaling complex called the inflammasome to generate active forms of IL-1
66
RLRs
promote the cynthesis of antiviral type 1 interferons
67
CDS detect to
cytosolic DNA and activate signaling pathways that trigger anti viral responses like the production of type 1 interferons
68
STING pathway
major mechanism for the DNA induced activation of type 1 interferons
69
where is sting found
in the endoplasmic reticulum
70
what activates sting
microbial dna in the cytosol
71
upon the detection of microbial dna STING
translocates to the golgi and activats IRF3 that induces the expression of type 1 interferons
72
DAI binds
DNA and acrivates IRF3
73
AIM2
recognizes microbial DNA and forms the capase 1 inflammasome to process IL-1 and IL-18
74
scavenger receptors
mediate uptake of oxidized lipoproteins into cells
75
what are the major scavenger receptors on phagocytes
CD36, CD68, SRB1
76
defensins
directly toxic to microbes and activates cells involved in inflammation
77
cathelicidins
LL-37 has directed toxicity against microbes and can activate leukocytes
78
natural antibodies recognize
lipid or carbohydrate antigen and IgM antibodies
79
classical pathway
C1 binds antibodies attached to the surface of a microes
80
major effector mechanism of humoral immunity
classical pathway
81
alternative pathway
triggered when c3 recognizes PAMPs on microbes and is activated, spontaneous cleavage of C3 normally occurs at low levels and is inhibited by healthy cells
82
lectin pathway
uses mannose bindign lectin MBL to recognize terminal mannose residues on microbial surface structures
83
MBL functions similar to
C1
84
C3 convertase cleaves
C3 into C3a
85
C3a does what
stimulates inflammation and helps recruit neutrophils to sites of infection and c3b that binds to other complement proteins on the surface of microbes to form the c5 convertase
86
C5 convertase cleaves
c5 to c5a which is a chemoattractant and c5b which initiates the formation of the membrane attack complex
87
pentraxins
plasma proteins that recognize pamps or microbial structures
88
can activate complement and are increased in response to inflammation
CRP SAP PTX3
89
acute phase reactants
can activate complement and are increased in response to inflammation
90
Cells of the myeloid lineage
neutrophils, mononuclear phagocytes and dendritic cells.
91
Cells of the lymphocyte lineage
NK cells, γδT cells (intraepithelial), and B-1 B cells.
92
soluble mediators
complement, acute phase reactants, and antibodies
93
what molecules are found in the phagolysosome
ROS,NO, and lysosomal enzymes
94
what is the first step of phagocytosis
recognition and binding of the microbe
95
what PRRs are present on phagocytes
C-type lectins, mannose receptors, TLRs and scavenger receptors
96
phagocytes have receptors called
Fc receptors
97
Fc receptors
used for opsonin like antibodies that coat microbes or have complement receptors that bind complement on the surface of microbes
98
once a microbe binds to a receptor on the phagocyte the membrane zips up to form an intracellular vesicle called
phagosome
99
TLRs function
works together with cytokine receptors to activate phagocytes
100
once activated phagosomes fuse with
lysosomes to form phagolysosomes
101
ROS
reactive oxygen species
102
ROS function
reactive oxidizing agent that kills micrboes and is called respiratory burst
103
dendritic cells and macrophages that are activated produce what cytokines
TNF, IL-1, IL-6 which are essential mediators of the innate immune system
104
stimulates IFN-gamma production by NK cells and helps the differentiation of effector cells of the adative immune response
IL-12
105
enhances the effector function of NK cells
IL-18
106
enhances nk cell signaling and growth and survival of t cells
IL-15

Molecular Immunology (6 decks)

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