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Molecular Immunology > Module 12 > Flashcards

Module 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered cowpox vaccinia

A

edward jenner

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2
Q

neutralization

A

pre existing antibodies can prevent secondary infection

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3
Q

what is the exception to neutralization

A

HIV in which antibodies are produced but fail to neutralize the virus

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4
Q

live attenuated vaccines are more potent than killed vaccines T or F

A

T

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5
Q

why do live attenuated vaccines produce a better immune response than killed vaccines

A

live attenutated vaccines elicit increased activation of CD4 t cells and cytotoxic CD8 t cells

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6
Q

what do cd4 t cells do

A

help b cells produce antibodies to protect against viral re infection

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7
Q

what do cytotoxic t cells do

A

eliminate the virus itself and provide protective memory

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8
Q

do killed viruses produce proteins in the cytosol

A

no

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9
Q

can killed viruses produce peptides to be presented on class 1 mhc

A

no

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10
Q

attenuated viral vaccines are used for what diseases

A

measles mumps rubella and varicella

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11
Q

viruses are attenuated how

A

by growth on nonhuman cells

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12
Q

what is the problem with attenuation

A

a pathogenic strain of the virus can re emerge after attenuation due to additional mutations

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13
Q

what is another way to produce attenuated vaccines

A

recombinant DNA technology

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14
Q

BCG vaccine can prevent what

A

tuberculosis in children

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15
Q

what cant BCG vaccine prevent

A

adult pulmonary disease

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16
Q

where did BCG come from

A

an attenuated strain of mycobacterium bovis

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17
Q

what type of vaccines can activate T and B cells

A

conjugate vaccines

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18
Q

haemophilus influenza b is what type of vaccine

A

conjugate vaccine

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19
Q

what makes up the haemophilus influenza type b vaccine

A

a conjugate of a bacterial polysaccharide that stimulates b cells and a tetanus toxoid that promotes helper t cells

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20
Q

children under the age of 2 cannot get what type of vaccine

A

t independt response vaccines

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21
Q

what kind of vaccine is used for children under the age of 2

A

conjugate vaccines

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22
Q

t cell peptide epitopes can stimulate protective immunity t or f

A

t

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23
Q

what are the issues with peptide based vaccines

A

may not bind all MHC types, peptide could load on non antigen presenting cells, failure to enter class 1 mhc processinf for presentation to cd8 t cells

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24
Q

what do adjuvants do to vaccines

A

increase the immunogenicity

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25
Q

compounds that mimic how infections normally activate immunity are called

A

adjuvants

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26
Q

alum

A

used in tetanus toxoid vaccines

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27
Q

what does alum stimulate

A

the inflammasome

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28
Q

what could replace the process of generating attenuated viruses for vaccines

A
29
Q

what is ebola virus

A

filamentous negative stranded RNA virus

30
Q

the most promising vaccines for ebola involve

A

over expression of glycoprotein and or nucleoprotein using replication deficient recombinant adenoviruses or plasma vectors that transduce targets to make large amounts of the ebola antigens that enter the general circulation

31
Q

vaccines composed of intact nonpathogenic microbes are made by

A

attenuating virulence or killing the microbe

32
Q

attenuated microbial vaccines can

A

elicit innate and adaptive immune responses, humoral and cell mediated

33
Q

attenuated or killed bacterial vaccines usually

A

produce short term and limited protection

34
Q

live attenuated viral vaccines are

A

more effective and vaccination in childhood produces lufe long protection

35
Q

what are examples of live attenuated viral vaccines

A

polio, measles, yellow fever

36
Q

vaccines made of antigens purified from microbes or inactivated toxins and are administered with an adjuvant

A

subunit vaccines

37
Q

subunit vaccines

A

vaccines made of antigens purified from microbes or inactivated toxins and are administered with an adjuvant

38
Q

purified antigen vaccines are effective for

A

prevention of diseases caused by bacterial toxins

39
Q

toxoids induce

A

strong antibody responces

40
Q

examples of subunit vaccines

A

diptheria and tetanus toxoids

41
Q

vaccines composed of bacterial polysaccharides produce what type of t cell antigens

A

t cell independent antigens

42
Q

t cell independent antigens produce what type of immune response

A

weak

43
Q

conjugating t cell independent antigens to protein does what

A

enables weak antigens to mount strong b and t cell reponsses

44
Q

conjugate vaccines

A

conjugating proteins to bacterial polysaccharides

45
Q

vaccines made by recombinat DNA tech are in use for what

A

HSV, human papilloma and rotavirus

46
Q

how can novel vaccines be made

A

by introducing genes encoding viral antigens into a noncyropathic virus

47
Q

what is the advantage of live viral vaccines

A

the live virus will induce a strong and complete immune response which promotes innate and adaptive immune mechansims

48
Q

what is the problem with live viral vaccines

A

the viruses could infect host cells producing foreign viral antigens that stimualte ctls to kill infected cells

49
Q

DNA vaccines

A

inoculating with a plasmid containing cDNA for a protein antigen

50
Q

DNA vaccines produce

A

long lasting adaptive immunity, humoral and cell mediated

51
Q

apcs are transfected with the plasmid, the cdna is expressed as an immunogenic protein that elicites immune response

A

DNA vaccines

52
Q

why can dna vaccines induce potent ctl responses

A

because antigenic proteins are made in the cytosol

53
Q

bacterial plasmids are

A

recognized by tlr and activate innate immunity

54
Q

protective immunity

A

conferred by transferring specific antibodies to rapidly treat potentially fatal diseases caused by toxins or from rabies or hepatitis

55
Q

passive immunity

A

short lived and does not induce memory so the individual is not protected from subsequent exposure to toxins or microbes

56
Q

what is needed for b cell response to protein antigens

A

peptide specific helper t cells

57
Q

microbial constituents

A

bacterial polysaccharides can induce antibody production in the absence of t cells

58
Q

t independent antigens

A

antibodies that can induce antibody production in the absence of t cells

59
Q

purified subunit vaccines

A

are composed of antigens purified from microbes or inactivated toxins like tetanus

60
Q

what is the best route for effective vaccination

A

the point of entry of the infectious agent

61
Q

why do some diseases lack effective vaccines

A

natural infection does not generate protective immunity, antibodies produced are insufficient to prevent reinfection and eliminate the pathogen, cell mediated immune responses limit pathogens but do not eliminate them, there are technical and economic problems that prevent widespread use of vaccines

62
Q

synthetic viral subunit vaccines

A

are composed of virall proteins synthesized from recombinat genes

63
Q

what was the first syntehtic subunit viral vaccine

A

hepatits b

64
Q

live attenuated oral virus vaccines

A

causes good induction of mucosal immunity but risk developing a viral disease especially in immunocompromised hosts

65
Q

what is the advantage of using live attenuated organisms as vacccines

A

processed by cytosolic antigen processing pathway and presented on class 1 mhc

66
Q

when an antigen has low immunogenicity which of the following can be added to a vaccine mixture containing the antigen to boost the immune response

A

adjuvant

67
Q

what is meant by herd immunity

A

that the majority of a population is immune to a particular pathogen reducing the probability that an infected person comes into contact with a susceptible individual

68
Q
A

Molecular Immunology (6 decks)

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