Module 12

Question 1

Who discovered cowpox vaccinia

Answer 1

edward jenner

Question 2

neutralization

Answer 2

pre existing antibodies can prevent secondary infection

Question 3

what is the exception to neutralization

Answer 3

HIV in which antibodies are produced but fail to neutralize the virus

Question 4

live attenuated vaccines are more potent than killed vaccines T or F

Answer 4

T

Question 5

why do live attenuated vaccines produce a better immune response than killed vaccines

Answer 5

live attenutated vaccines elicit increased activation of CD4 t cells and cytotoxic CD8 t cells

Question 6

what do cd4 t cells do

Answer 6

help b cells produce antibodies to protect against viral re infection

Question 7

what do cytotoxic t cells do

Answer 7

eliminate the virus itself and provide protective memory

Question 8

do killed viruses produce proteins in the cytosol

Answer 8

no

Question 9

can killed viruses produce peptides to be presented on class 1 mhc

Answer 9

no

Question 10

attenuated viral vaccines are used for what diseases

Answer 10

measles mumps rubella and varicella

Question 11

viruses are attenuated how

Answer 11

by growth on nonhuman cells

Question 12

what is the problem with attenuation

Answer 12

a pathogenic strain of the virus can re emerge after attenuation due to additional mutations

Question 13

what is another way to produce attenuated vaccines

Answer 13

recombinant DNA technology

Question 14

BCG vaccine can prevent what

Answer 14

tuberculosis in children

Question 15

what cant BCG vaccine prevent

Answer 15

adult pulmonary disease

Question 16

where did BCG come from

Answer 16

an attenuated strain of mycobacterium bovis

Question 17

what type of vaccines can activate T and B cells

Answer 17

conjugate vaccines

Question 18

haemophilus influenza b is what type of vaccine

Answer 18

conjugate vaccine

Question 19

what makes up the haemophilus influenza type b vaccine

Answer 19

a conjugate of a bacterial polysaccharide that stimulates b cells and a tetanus toxoid that promotes helper t cells

Question 20

children under the age of 2 cannot get what type of vaccine

Answer 20

t independt response vaccines

Question 21

what kind of vaccine is used for children under the age of 2

Answer 21

conjugate vaccines

Question 22

t cell peptide epitopes can stimulate protective immunity t or f

Answer 22

t

Question 23

what are the issues with peptide based vaccines

Answer 23

may not bind all MHC types, peptide could load on non antigen presenting cells, failure to enter class 1 mhc processinf for presentation to cd8 t cells

Question 24

what do adjuvants do to vaccines

Answer 24

increase the immunogenicity

Question 25

compounds that mimic how infections normally activate immunity are called

Answer 25

adjuvants

Question 26

alum

Answer 26

used in tetanus toxoid vaccines

Question 27

what does alum stimulate

Answer 27

the inflammasome

Question 28

what could replace the process of generating attenuated viruses for vaccines

Question 29

what is ebola virus

Answer 29

filamentous negative stranded RNA virus

Question 30

the most promising vaccines for ebola involve

Answer 30

over expression of glycoprotein and or nucleoprotein using replication deficient recombinant adenoviruses or plasma vectors that transduce targets to make large amounts of the ebola antigens that enter the general circulation

Question 31

vaccines composed of intact nonpathogenic microbes are made by

Answer 31

attenuating virulence or killing the microbe

Question 32

attenuated microbial vaccines can

Answer 32

elicit innate and adaptive immune responses, humoral and cell mediated

Question 33

attenuated or killed bacterial vaccines usually

Answer 33

produce short term and limited protection

Question 34

live attenuated viral vaccines are

Answer 34

more effective and vaccination in childhood produces lufe long protection

Question 35

what are examples of live attenuated viral vaccines

Answer 35

polio, measles, yellow fever

Question 36

vaccines made of antigens purified from microbes or inactivated toxins and are administered with an adjuvant

Answer 36

subunit vaccines

Question 37

subunit vaccines

Answer 37

vaccines made of antigens purified from microbes or inactivated toxins and are administered with an adjuvant

Question 38

purified antigen vaccines are effective for

Answer 38

prevention of diseases caused by bacterial toxins

Question 39

toxoids induce

Answer 39

strong antibody responces

Question 40

examples of subunit vaccines

Answer 40

diptheria and tetanus toxoids

Question 41

vaccines composed of bacterial polysaccharides produce what type of t cell antigens

Answer 41

t cell independent antigens

Question 42

t cell independent antigens produce what type of immune response

Answer 42

weak

Question 43

conjugating t cell independent antigens to protein does what

Answer 43

enables weak antigens to mount strong b and t cell reponsses

Question 44

conjugate vaccines

Answer 44

conjugating proteins to bacterial polysaccharides

Question 45

vaccines made by recombinat DNA tech are in use for what

Answer 45

HSV, human papilloma and rotavirus

Question 46

how can novel vaccines be made

Answer 46

by introducing genes encoding viral antigens into a noncyropathic virus

Question 47

what is the advantage of live viral vaccines

Answer 47

the live virus will induce a strong and complete immune response which promotes innate and adaptive immune mechansims

Question 48

what is the problem with live viral vaccines

Answer 48

the viruses could infect host cells producing foreign viral antigens that stimualte ctls to kill infected cells

Question 49

DNA vaccines

Answer 49

inoculating with a plasmid containing cDNA for a protein antigen

Question 50

DNA vaccines produce

Answer 50

long lasting adaptive immunity, humoral and cell mediated

Question 51

apcs are transfected with the plasmid, the cdna is expressed as an immunogenic protein that elicites immune response

Answer 51

DNA vaccines

Question 52

why can dna vaccines induce potent ctl responses

Answer 52

because antigenic proteins are made in the cytosol

Question 53

bacterial plasmids are

Answer 53

recognized by tlr and activate innate immunity

Question 54

protective immunity

Answer 54

conferred by transferring specific antibodies to rapidly treat potentially fatal diseases caused by toxins or from rabies or hepatitis

Question 55

passive immunity

Answer 55

short lived and does not induce memory so the individual is not protected from subsequent exposure to toxins or microbes

Question 56

what is needed for b cell response to protein antigens

Answer 56

peptide specific helper t cells

Question 57

microbial constituents

Answer 57

bacterial polysaccharides can induce antibody production in the absence of t cells

Question 58

t independent antigens

Answer 58

antibodies that can induce antibody production in the absence of t cells

Question 59

purified subunit vaccines

Answer 59

are composed of antigens purified from microbes or inactivated toxins like tetanus

Question 60

what is the best route for effective vaccination

Answer 60

the point of entry of the infectious agent

Question 61

why do some diseases lack effective vaccines

Answer 61

natural infection does not generate protective immunity, antibodies produced are insufficient to prevent reinfection and eliminate the pathogen, cell mediated immune responses limit pathogens but do not eliminate them, there are technical and economic problems that prevent widespread use of vaccines

Question 62

synthetic viral subunit vaccines

Answer 62

are composed of virall proteins synthesized from recombinat genes

Question 63

what was the first syntehtic subunit viral vaccine

Answer 63

hepatits b

Question 64

live attenuated oral virus vaccines

Answer 64

causes good induction of mucosal immunity but risk developing a viral disease especially in immunocompromised hosts

Question 65

what is the advantage of using live attenuated organisms as vacccines

Answer 65

processed by cytosolic antigen processing pathway and presented on class 1 mhc

Question 66

when an antigen has low immunogenicity which of the following can be added to a vaccine mixture containing the antigen to boost the immune response

Answer 66

adjuvant

Question 67

what is meant by herd immunity

Answer 67

that the majority of a population is immune to a particular pathogen reducing the probability that an infected person comes into contact with a susceptible individual