Module 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What type of immunity exists before infection
A
Innate immunity
2
Q
What type of immunity develops after infection and is tailored to recognize and eliminate a specific threat?
A
Adaptive immunity
3
Q
What cells are characteristic of innate immunity
A
phagocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and nk cells
4
Q
what cells are characteristic of adaptive immunity
A
lymphocytes
5
Q
What are the two types of adaptive immunity
A
humoral and cell mediated
6
Q
antibodies recognize and eliminate what type of antigens
A
extracellullar
7
Q
humoral immunity is mediated by what
A
antibodies made by b cells
8
Q
cell mediated immunity is mediated by what
A
t lymphocytes
9
Q
what is the target of cell mediated immunity
A
intracellular
10
Q
what is the role of helper t cells
A
activate macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes
11
Q
what is the role of cytotoxic t cells
A
kill infected cells and eliminate reservoirs of infection
12
Q
specificity
A
able to distinguish extremally subtle differences between antigens
13
Q
able to distinguish extremally subtle differences between antigens
A
specificity
14
Q
clonal expansion
A
increases number of antigen specific lymphocytes
15
Q
specialization
A
generates responses that are optimal for defense against different types of microbes
16
Q
allows immune system to respond to newly encountered antigens
A
contraction and homeostasis
17
Q
what are lymphocytes
A
B and T cells
18
Q
what do b cells do
A
recognize extracellular antigens and make antibodies
19
Q
what do t cells do
A
recognize intracellular antigens and function to destroy microbes or infected cells
20
Q
where do b cells mature
A
bone marrow
21
Q
what is a BCR and how many do each b cell have
A
B cell receptor, each b cell expresses one unique antigen binding receptor known as BCRs
22
Q
what stimulates clonal expansion
A
binding of antigen to a naive b cells bcr causes the b cell to become activated and divide
23
Q
antigen activated b cells differentiate into what
A
effector plasma cells
24
Q
what do plasma cells do
A
produce a large amount of secreted antibodies and are short lived
25
Memory B cells
have long life spans and display membrane bound antibodies
26
where do t cells mature
thymus
27
each mature t cell expresses what
one unique tcr
28
CD4 are what
Helper cells
29
CD8 are what
cytotoxic cells
30
t cells require what to be activated
t cells require apcs to present antigens to them to become activated
31
activated t cells are referred to as what
effector cells
32
helper t cells orchestrate what
adaptive immune response, cell mediated and humoral
33
helper t cells acivate what
APCs
34
helper t cells mediate immune response through the secretion of what
cytokines
35
upon antigen recognition cytotoxic t cells do what
kill cells that infected with foreign intracellular microbes or cells that are damaged
36
what is the function of regulatory t cells
inhibit the responses of other immune cells, function and division
37
what are cytokines
polypeptides produced in response to microbes and other antigens that mediate and regulate immune and inglammatory reactions
38
autocrine
act on the cell that produced them
39
paracrine
act on nearby cells
40
endocrine
large amonut of cytokine produced and can act at a distant site
41
pleotropism
one cytokine can act on different cell types and mediate diverse biological effects
42
redundancy
multiple cytokines have the same functional effect
43
what does IL-4 do
stimulates b cells to produce igE and CD4 t cells to differentiate into TH2
44
what does IL-2 do
cause b cells to prolifeerate
45
IFN-y and TNF together do what
increase expression of class I MHC molecules
46
IFN-y and IL-10 anatognize
IFN-y activates macrophages while IL-10 inhibits the activation of macrophages
47
IL-10 function
inhibition of macrophage activation
48
if microbes breach epithelial barriers what do they encounter
macrophages
49
what do macrophages do
express surface receptors that bind and help ingest microbes and produce toxic molecules and cytokine to destroy microbes as well as recruit other leukocytes to sites of infection
50
extracellular microbe strategies
secretion of antibodies that bind extracellular microbes to block their entry into cells and promote ingestion and destruction by phagocytes
51
intracellular microbe strategies
CLTs destroy cells infected by intracellular microbes that are not accessible to antibodies
52
what do apcs do to help activate lymphocytes
apcs capture microbes and digest microbial proteins into peptides and express them on MHC
53
Clonal expansion hypothesis
antigens select for and activate pre existing cells expressing receptors specific to the antigen cells then expand from each clone and have identical antigen receptors
54
activated cd4 t cells proliferate and differentiate into what cells
effector cells
55
IL-2 does what
is produce early in the immune response and stimulates proliferation
56
IFN-y does what
activates macrophages to enhance ingestion and killing of microbes
57
activated cd8 t cells are called what
CTLs
58
the response of b cells to antigens requires the help of what
helper t cells
58
antibodies coat micbroes
opsonization
59
ingestion by phagocytes
phagocytosis
60
contraction
the expanded clones of lymphocytes that took response die thus restoring homeostasis
61
monocyte
circulating precursor cell to macrophages
62
fully differentiated form of b cell that secretes antibodies
plasma cell
63
phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms activation of t cells and initiation of immune response
macrophage
64
what cells are phagocytes
macrophages and neutrophils
65
describe the steps of phagocytosis
phagocytes are recruited to sites of infection where they recognize and are activated by microbes, phagocytes then ingest microbes and destroy them. they also secrete cytokines
66
in cell mediated immunity what cells activate macrophages to become more effective at killing microbes
antigen stimulated t cells
67
in humoral immunity what what stimulates phagocytes
antibodies produced by b cells coat or opsonize microbes with antibodies to promote phagocytosis
68
what is the most abundant circulating cell
neutrophils
69
what are the first cells to migrate to sites of infection
neutrophils
70
what are recruited from the blood into sites of infection
inflammatory monocytes
71
once monocytes enter tissues what happens
they mature into macrophages
72
where are microglial cells found
macrophages found in the CNS
73
Kupffers cells
found in the liver
74
alveolar macrophages
pulmonary airways
75
osteoclasts
found in bone
76
mast cells
present in the skin and contain cytoplasmic granules filled with cytokines histamine and express antigen binding surface receptors to trigger the release of cytoplamic granule content
77
what is the major type of APCs
dendritic cells
78
what are the types of cells that have apcs
macrophages b cells and dendritic cells
79
dendritic cell role in innate immunity
capture of antigens
80
dendritic cell role in adaptive immunity
antigen presentation to activate naive t cells
81
once dendritic cells are activated what happens
they migrate to lymphoid organs to encounter t cells
82
langerhans dcs
epidermal layers
83
classical dcs
majority found in skin mucosa and organs and migrate to lymph nodes
84
inflammatory dcs
arise from monocytes in inflamed tissue
85
plasmacytoid derived dcs
come from plasmacytoid cells and are early responders to viral infectiosn
86
where do macrophages present to t cells
at the site of infection
87
where do b cells present antigens to t cells
within lymph nodes and spleen
88
where are follicular dendritic cells found
germinal centers of secondary lymphoid tissues in association with activated b cells
89
what dont follicular dendritic cells do
do not arise in the bone marrow, do not express antigen presenting molecules, do not function as antigen presenting cells for t cells
90
what do follicular dendritic cells do
found in lymphoid folliicles, express membrane receptors for trapping antigen antibody complexes, participate in selection of activated b cells
91
what are lymphocytes
cells of the adaptive immune system that express clonally distributed antigen receptors
92
Lymphocytes function
recognize and distinguish different antigens
93
acquired immune deficiency syndromes
individuals that have reduced numbers of lymphocytes in circulation and have impaired protection from infection
94
where do b cells mature
bone marrow
95
regulatory t cells
cd4 t cells that develop in the thymus and are designed to dampen the immune response
96
alpha beta t cells
cd4 and cd8 t cells, major class
97
gamma delta t cells
smaller population of t cells
98
nk are similar to what
CTLs
99
NKT cells
share features with NK and T cells and have alpha beta receptors but lack diversity
100
gamma delta t cell, B-1, and NKT are apart of what
innate immune system
101
where do b cells mature
lymph nodes or spleen
102
naive t cells do what
naive t cells leave the thymus as mature cells and are activated in peripheral lymphoid organs
103
naive b cells express what ig
IgM and IgD
104
survival signaling is done by what type of antigens
self antigens, provide weak signals to suuport survival but are weak and do not trigger differentiation
105
IL-7 and BAFF
survival signaling
106
important cytokine that mediates the process of homeostatic proliferation
IL-7
107
lymphoblasts
activated lymphocytes that become large and proliferate extensively
108
activated lymphocytes express what surface proteins
IL-2, L-selectin, IL-7, adhesion molecules, CCR7
109
what antibodies do memory b cells express
IgE and IgA
110
memory t cells express high levels of what receptor
IL-7 receptor CD127
111
KLF-2
transcription factor required for naive t cells
112
T-bet, GATA-3 and RORyT
transcription factors required for differentiation of CD4 t helper cells
113
ILCs
innate lymphoid cells that are similar in function to t cells but lack antigen receptors
114
