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Molecular Immunology > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of immunity exists before infection

A

Innate immunity

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2
Q

What type of immunity develops after infection and is tailored to recognize and eliminate a specific threat?

A

Adaptive immunity

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3
Q

What cells are characteristic of innate immunity

A

phagocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and nk cells

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4
Q

what cells are characteristic of adaptive immunity

A

lymphocytes

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5
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immunity

A

humoral and cell mediated

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6
Q

antibodies recognize and eliminate what type of antigens

A

extracellullar

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7
Q

humoral immunity is mediated by what

A

antibodies made by b cells

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8
Q

cell mediated immunity is mediated by what

A

t lymphocytes

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9
Q

what is the target of cell mediated immunity

A

intracellular

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10
Q

what is the role of helper t cells

A

activate macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes

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11
Q

what is the role of cytotoxic t cells

A

kill infected cells and eliminate reservoirs of infection

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12
Q

specificity

A

able to distinguish extremally subtle differences between antigens

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13
Q

able to distinguish extremally subtle differences between antigens

A

specificity

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14
Q

clonal expansion

A

increases number of antigen specific lymphocytes

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15
Q

specialization

A

generates responses that are optimal for defense against different types of microbes

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16
Q

allows immune system to respond to newly encountered antigens

A

contraction and homeostasis

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17
Q

what are lymphocytes

A

B and T cells

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18
Q

what do b cells do

A

recognize extracellular antigens and make antibodies

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19
Q

what do t cells do

A

recognize intracellular antigens and function to destroy microbes or infected cells

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20
Q

where do b cells mature

A

bone marrow

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21
Q

what is a BCR and how many do each b cell have

A

B cell receptor, each b cell expresses one unique antigen binding receptor known as BCRs

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22
Q

what stimulates clonal expansion

A

binding of antigen to a naive b cells bcr causes the b cell to become activated and divide

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23
Q

antigen activated b cells differentiate into what

A

effector plasma cells

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24
Q

what do plasma cells do

A

produce a large amount of secreted antibodies and are short lived

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25
Q

Memory B cells

A

have long life spans and display membrane bound antibodies

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26
Q

where do t cells mature

A

thymus

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27
Q

each mature t cell expresses what

A

one unique tcr

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28
Q

CD4 are what

A

Helper cells

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29
Q

CD8 are what

A

cytotoxic cells

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30
Q

t cells require what to be activated

A

t cells require apcs to present antigens to them to become activated

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31
Q

activated t cells are referred to as what

A

effector cells

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32
Q

helper t cells orchestrate what

A

adaptive immune response, cell mediated and humoral

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33
Q

helper t cells acivate what

A

APCs

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34
Q

helper t cells mediate immune response through the secretion of what

A

cytokines

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35
Q

upon antigen recognition cytotoxic t cells do what

A

kill cells that infected with foreign intracellular microbes or cells that are damaged

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36
Q

what is the function of regulatory t cells

A

inhibit the responses of other immune cells, function and division

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37
Q

what are cytokines

A

polypeptides produced in response to microbes and other antigens that mediate and regulate immune and inglammatory reactions

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38
Q

autocrine

A

act on the cell that produced them

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39
Q

paracrine

A

act on nearby cells

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40
Q

endocrine

A

large amonut of cytokine produced and can act at a distant site

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41
Q

pleotropism

A

one cytokine can act on different cell types and mediate diverse biological effects

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42
Q

redundancy

A

multiple cytokines have the same functional effect

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43
Q

what does IL-4 do

A

stimulates b cells to produce igE and CD4 t cells to differentiate into TH2

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44
Q

what does IL-2 do

A

cause b cells to prolifeerate

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45
Q

IFN-y and TNF together do what

A

increase expression of class I MHC molecules

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46
Q

IFN-y and IL-10 anatognize

A

IFN-y activates macrophages while IL-10 inhibits the activation of macrophages

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47
Q

IL-10 function

A

inhibition of macrophage activation

48
Q

if microbes breach epithelial barriers what do they encounter

A

macrophages

49
Q

what do macrophages do

A

express surface receptors that bind and help ingest microbes and produce toxic molecules and cytokine to destroy microbes as well as recruit other leukocytes to sites of infection

50
Q

extracellular microbe strategies

A

secretion of antibodies that bind extracellular microbes to block their entry into cells and promote ingestion and destruction by phagocytes

51
Q

intracellular microbe strategies

A

CLTs destroy cells infected by intracellular microbes that are not accessible to antibodies

52
Q

what do apcs do to help activate lymphocytes

A

apcs capture microbes and digest microbial proteins into peptides and express them on MHC

53
Q

Clonal expansion hypothesis

A

antigens select for and activate pre existing cells expressing receptors specific to the antigen cells then expand from each clone and have identical antigen receptors

54
Q

activated cd4 t cells proliferate and differentiate into what cells

A

effector cells

55
Q

IL-2 does what

A

is produce early in the immune response and stimulates proliferation

56
Q

IFN-y does what

A

activates macrophages to enhance ingestion and killing of microbes

57
Q

activated cd8 t cells are called what

A

CTLs

58
Q

the response of b cells to antigens requires the help of what

A

helper t cells

58
Q

antibodies coat micbroes

A

opsonization

59
Q

ingestion by phagocytes

A

phagocytosis

60
Q

contraction

A

the expanded clones of lymphocytes that took response die thus restoring homeostasis

61
Q

monocyte

A

circulating precursor cell to macrophages

62
Q

fully differentiated form of b cell that secretes antibodies

A

plasma cell

63
Q

phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms activation of t cells and initiation of immune response

A

macrophage

64
Q

what cells are phagocytes

A

macrophages and neutrophils

65
Q

describe the steps of phagocytosis

A

phagocytes are recruited to sites of infection where they recognize and are activated by microbes, phagocytes then ingest microbes and destroy them. they also secrete cytokines

66
Q

in cell mediated immunity what cells activate macrophages to become more effective at killing microbes

A

antigen stimulated t cells

67
Q

in humoral immunity what what stimulates phagocytes

A

antibodies produced by b cells coat or opsonize microbes with antibodies to promote phagocytosis

68
Q

what is the most abundant circulating cell

A

neutrophils

69
Q

what are the first cells to migrate to sites of infection

A

neutrophils

70
Q

what are recruited from the blood into sites of infection

A

inflammatory monocytes

71
Q

once monocytes enter tissues what happens

A

they mature into macrophages

72
Q

where are microglial cells found

A

macrophages found in the CNS

73
Q

Kupffers cells

A

found in the liver

74
Q

alveolar macrophages

A

pulmonary airways

75
Q

osteoclasts

A

found in bone

76
Q

mast cells

A

present in the skin and contain cytoplasmic granules filled with cytokines histamine and express antigen binding surface receptors to trigger the release of cytoplamic granule content

77
Q

what is the major type of APCs

A

dendritic cells

78
Q

what are the types of cells that have apcs

A

macrophages b cells and dendritic cells

79
Q

dendritic cell role in innate immunity

A

capture of antigens

80
Q

dendritic cell role in adaptive immunity

A

antigen presentation to activate naive t cells

81
Q

once dendritic cells are activated what happens

A

they migrate to lymphoid organs to encounter t cells

82
Q

langerhans dcs

A

epidermal layers

83
Q

classical dcs

A

majority found in skin mucosa and organs and migrate to lymph nodes

84
Q

inflammatory dcs

A

arise from monocytes in inflamed tissue

85
Q

plasmacytoid derived dcs

A

come from plasmacytoid cells and are early responders to viral infectiosn

86
Q

where do macrophages present to t cells

A

at the site of infection

87
Q

where do b cells present antigens to t cells

A

within lymph nodes and spleen

88
Q

where are follicular dendritic cells found

A

germinal centers of secondary lymphoid tissues in association with activated b cells

89
Q

what dont follicular dendritic cells do

A

do not arise in the bone marrow, do not express antigen presenting molecules, do not function as antigen presenting cells for t cells

90
Q

what do follicular dendritic cells do

A

found in lymphoid folliicles, express membrane receptors for trapping antigen antibody complexes, participate in selection of activated b cells

91
Q

what are lymphocytes

A

cells of the adaptive immune system that express clonally distributed antigen receptors

92
Q

Lymphocytes function

A

recognize and distinguish different antigens

93
Q

acquired immune deficiency syndromes

A

individuals that have reduced numbers of lymphocytes in circulation and have impaired protection from infection

94
Q

where do b cells mature

A

bone marrow

95
Q

regulatory t cells

A

cd4 t cells that develop in the thymus and are designed to dampen the immune response

96
Q

alpha beta t cells

A

cd4 and cd8 t cells, major class

97
Q

gamma delta t cells

A

smaller population of t cells

98
Q

nk are similar to what

A

CTLs

99
Q

NKT cells

A

share features with NK and T cells and have alpha beta receptors but lack diversity

100
Q

gamma delta t cell, B-1, and NKT are apart of what

A

innate immune system

101
Q

where do b cells mature

A

lymph nodes or spleen

102
Q

naive t cells do what

A

naive t cells leave the thymus as mature cells and are activated in peripheral lymphoid organs

103
Q

naive b cells express what ig

A

IgM and IgD

104
Q

survival signaling is done by what type of antigens

A

self antigens, provide weak signals to suuport survival but are weak and do not trigger differentiation

105
Q

IL-7 and BAFF

A

survival signaling

106
Q

important cytokine that mediates the process of homeostatic proliferation

A

IL-7

107
Q

lymphoblasts

A

activated lymphocytes that become large and proliferate extensively

108
Q

activated lymphocytes express what surface proteins

A

IL-2, L-selectin, IL-7, adhesion molecules, CCR7

109
Q

what antibodies do memory b cells express

A

IgE and IgA

110
Q

memory t cells express high levels of what receptor

A

IL-7 receptor CD127

111
Q

KLF-2

A

transcription factor required for naive t cells

112
Q

T-bet, GATA-3 and RORyT

A

transcription factors required for differentiation of CD4 t helper cells

113
Q

ILCs

A

innate lymphoid cells that are similar in function to t cells but lack antigen receptors

114
Q
A

Molecular Immunology (6 decks)

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