MODULE 1A - PERSPECTIVES ON SELF Flashcards
the process of learning, understanding, or knowing more about yourself and who you are, becoming aware of one’s true potential, character, motives, and the like.
- Self-discovery
your knowledge of yourself and your worth as a person. It is a result of doing self-discovery.
- Self-awareness
This means love of wisdom
Philosophy
Philosophy came from these two Greek words.
Philo and Sophia
Philo means?
beloved
Sophia means?
wisdom
A way of thinking about anything in the world, the universe.
Philosophy
He believes that the soul is immortal.
Socrates
Socrates is known for this quote about life.
The unexamined life is not worth living.
He is the Father of Western Philosophy
Socrates
Socrates was believed to be the first _____ to focus on the full power of reason on the human self.
thinker
According to Socrates, self exists in two parts which are?
Physical Body and Soul
This is the tangible aspect of us. It is mortal (it dies), constantly changing, imperfect, transforming, disappearing.
Physical Body
Socrates believed that this part of our self is immortal, eternal, unchanging, perfect, or ideal.
Soul
Socrates believed that there was a soul first before a man’s body. True or False?
True
The process which knowledge can be restored.
Dialectic/Socratic Method
Dialectic/Socratic Method is an ______ of question and answer that ultimately aims to make a person remember all the knowledge that he has forgotten, including his former all-knowing self.
exchange
He said, “The first and the best victory is to conquer self.”
Plato
Aside from Socrates, these two philosophers also believed that the soul is immortal.
Plato and St. Augustine
A philosopher is called _____ if he believes that self exists in two parts.
Dualist
According to Plato, the soul/mind is divided into three parts which are?
Reason
Physical Appetite
Will or Spirit
our divine essence that enables us to think deeply, make wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths.
Reason
our basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire.
Physical Appetite
our basic emotion or passion, such as empathy, aggressiveness, love, anger, ambition.
Will or Spirit
He believes, “Accepting God is the path to know thyself.”
St. Augustine
Augustine’s sense of self is his relation to God, both in his recognition of God’s love, and his response to it. It is achieved through ______ and _______
self-presentation
self-realization
Augustine believes that God is transcendent, and everything created by God, who is all good, is good. True or False?
True
This person said, “Cogito ergo sum.”
Rene Descartes
Cogito ergo sum means?
I think; therefore I am
He is the Founder of Modern Philosophy
Rene Descartes
For Descartes, this is the essence of self— you are a “______ thing”
thinking
Descartes believes that our _______ is secondary to our personal identity.
physical body
Descartes declares that the _______, or the self as a thinking entity, is radically different from the self as a physical body.
essential self
The ______ is a non-material, immortal, conscious being, independent of the physical laws of the universe.
thinking self (or soul)
The ______ is a mortal, non-thinking material that is fully governed by the physical laws of nature.
physical body
He is the philosopher who theorized the Tabula Rasa.
John Locke
John Locke believes that the self is _____
consciousness
Tabula Rasa Theory means?
Mind is a blank slate
John Locke believes we are born without ______.
thoughts
Based from John Locke’s beliefs, our ______ plays a key role in our definition of the self.
memory
John Locke theorized that we are the _____ person as we were in the past for as long as we can remember memories from that past.
same
It is our _____ that makes possible our belief that we are the same identity at different times and different places.
consciousness
He believed that the source of all genuine knowledge is our direct sense experience.
David Hume
David Hume believes in the existence of the mind, and what’s inside the mind is divided into two:
Impressions
Ideas
are those things we perceive through our senses as we experience them.
Impressions
are those things that we create in our minds even though we are no longer experiencing them.
Ideas
For Hume, the self keeps on _____, like how one looks, one feels, one thinks they constantly change.
changing
For David Hume, there is no permanent and unchanging self. True or False?
True
For Hume, there is no _____
self
He believes that we construct the self.
Immanuel Kant
For Kant, man is a ______, capable of making a decision for himself.
free agent
Man is a free agent – for he is gifted with ____ and _____ to enable him to organize the data gathered by the senses.
reason
free will
For Kant, the self is very present. True or False?
True
According to this person, there are two selves: one conscious and once unconscious.
Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud is a philosopher. True or False?
False
(Sigmund Freud is not a philosopher, but his views on the nature of the self have had a far-reaching impact on philosophical thinking.)
Sigmund Freud founded this theory.
Psychoanalysis
Freud believes that there are two levels of human functioning:
the consciousness
the unconsciousness
the conscious refers to all mental processes of which we are aware; the unconscious refers to mental processes that are not easily accessible to our awareness.
Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud believes that even if the conscious self plays an important role in our lives, it is the unconscious self that has the dominant influence on our personalities. True or False?
True
The unconscious contains _______ that include aggressiveness, sexuality, and self-destruction; traumatic memories; childhood fantasies and unfulfilled wishes; thoughts and feelings that would be considered socially taboo.
basic instinctual drives
This ____ level is characterized by the most primitive level of human motivation and functioning.
unconscious
Our most basic instinctual drives in the unconscious level seek immediate gratification or discharge. The impulses at this level are governed solely by the ______ Principle.
Pleasure
The conscious self is governed by the _____ Principle.
Reality
The _____ self takes the task of controlling the constant pressures of the unconscious self that is constantly seeking for immediate discharge and gratification.
conscious
The structural model of the mind:
Id
Ego
Superego
_____ represents man’s biological nature, impulses, and bodily desires.
Id
______ represents the ethical component of the personality and provides the moral standards by which the ego operates.
Superego
This is the one that balances Id and Superego.
Ego
If the Ego behaves, then the ______ won.
superego
If the Ego misbehaves, the _____ won.
Id
The winner of this inner battle between Id and Superego is manifested in the _____, which is the self.
Ego
This battle (Id vs. Superego) is all taking place in the ____.
unconscious
The realm of the ego is found in the _____.
conscious
He simply focused on observable behavior in defining the self.
Gilbert Ryle
(Gilbert Ryle) The self is best understood as a ______, a person’s tendency or disposition to behave in a certain way in certain circumstances.
pattern of behavior
He disagrees with the concept of dualism.
Paul Churchland
Paul Churchland believes that the self is the _____
brain
Churchland asserts that since the mind cannot be experienced by the ______, it does not exist.
senses
_____ is into the fore of understanding the self.
Neuroscience
His ideas suggest that there is unity in our mental, physical, and emotional disposition, and they all affect how we experience our selves.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Maurice Merleau-Ponty believes that the self is _______
embodied subjectivity
According to Maurice Merleau-Ponty, our self is a product of our _______ experience.
conscious human
Maurice Merleau-Ponty, entirely rejected the idea of mind and body dichotomy because, for him, man is all about how he sees himself. True or False?
True
Enumerate Famous Individuals and their perspectives about the self.
Socrates - The Soul is Immortal
Plato - The Soul is Immortal
St. Augustine - The Soul is Immortal (Man is created in the image and likeness of God)
Rene Descartes - Man is a Thinking Thing
John Locke - Self is Consciousness
David Hume - There is No Permanent Self
Immanuel Kant - We Construct Our Self
Sigmund Freud - Man Has Two Levels of Human Functioning (Consciousness and Unconsciousness)
Gilbert Ryle - The Self is How You Behave
Paul Churchland - The Self is the Brain
Maurice Merleau-Ponty - The Self is Embodied Subjectivity
The three other terms for Aristotle’s 3 Kinds of Soul:
Vegetative Soul
Sentient Soul
Rational Soul
The physical body that can grow.
Vegetative Soul
Plants
Reproduction/Growth
It includes sensual desires, feelings, and emotions.
Sensitive Soul
Animals
Mobility/Sensation
This is what makes man human.
Rational Soul
Humans
Thought/Reflection
Man is composed of Matter and Form
St. Thomas Aquinas
common stuff that makes up everything
Matter (Hyle)
essence of living
Form (Morpe)
Hyperbolical Doubt
Rene Descartes
Bundle Theory
David Hume
collection of impressions
Bundle Theory
(Freud)
Man is governed by 2 Drives:
Eros and Thanatos
