Module 18 Wk 3 + 4 Flashcards
(Approach to group lamb health)
Describe a good history when investigating lamb deaths
- age?
- previous cases?
- Symptoms
- when did they start?
- any treatment already been used?
- breed?
- ewe BCS and nutrition during preg
- housing?
- weather?
- hygiene?
- colostrum? naval?
- vaccination ewe/lambs?
Where do we see most lamb disease and death?
peripartum and neonatal
What are the risk factors for neonatal deaths?
- Low birthweight
- low serum immunoglobin
- high litter size
- low ewe BCS
- Being born late in season
- gimmer
- male lambs
generally how do you prevent lamb loss?
- ewe nutrition
- good hygiene
- compact lambing
- adequate labour
- good lightling
- shelter if outdoors
- vaccinations
- good genetics
- colostrum
- naval dipping
- reg checks
What are the three Qs of colostrum?
- Quickly - within 2hrs of birth
- Quantity - 50ml/kg in first feed
- Quality - IgG levels and fat content
What can you use to replace colostrum if ewe has none?
- Fresh from another ewe
- frozen milk from another ewe
- cow colostrum
- powedered colostrum
How do you prevent red gut in orphaned lambs?
- ensure fibre intake
- milk at room temp after 7days
- continual milk supply
- wean early
What are resulting dieases seen as aresult of failure to suck and failure of passive transport?
- hypothermia
- stavation
- neonatal infection
- congemital disease
What additional testing can you do for lamb deaths?
- colostrum intake
- bacteriology
- parasitology
- toxin and virus testing
- serology
- histopathology
- ewe diet
- ewe metabolic profiles
How can you prevent lamb death?
- vaccinnations
- maternal nutrition
- colostrum management
- hygiene
- naval treatment
How with hypothermic and staved lambs present?
Curled up away from the dam
What are the common underlying causes of starvation and hypothermia in lambs?
- Mismothering (young, underfed ewe, etc.)
- Maternal mastitis
- Birth trauma / joint ill
How do you treat starved and hypothermic lambs?
glucose injection
colstrum/tube feed
What causes watery mouth in lambs?
FPT
lack of colostrum
e.coli
What are the clinical signs of watery mouth
- Cold wet mouth
- Reluctance to suck
- Dull
- Salivation
- Distended abdomen with gas and fluid (‘rattle’)
- Recumbency
- Diarrhoea or constipation
How do you treat watery mouth?
- oral rehydration
- warmth but keep with ewe if possible
- nsaids
- abs
- colostrum
- good hygiene
What sort of things cause neonatal diarrhoea?
- e.coli
- crypto
- salmonellosis
- rotavirus
- lamb dysentery
- coccidosis
How do you prevent clostridium perfringens lamb dysentery?
vaccination of ewes pre-lamb
colostrum early and enough to get IgG
What does e.coli cause in lambs?
secretory diarrhoea, severe, brown
How do you go about treating lambs with E.coli?
IVFT, abs and nsaids
What does crypto cause in lambs?
profuse watery diarrhoea
How do you treat crypto in lambs?
fluid and halocur
What routes can cause neonatal bacteria in lambs?
- umbilicus
- mouth
- URT
- tail ring infections
What are the symptoms of mild and severe navel ill infection?
Mild
- Slight swelling
- ± serosanginous to purulent discharge
Severe
- Depression
- ± Pyrexia
- Failure to suckle
- Painful, warm swelling ± discharge
What can navel ill lead too?
- Hepatic necrobacillosis
- Peritonitis
- Meningitis
- Cystitis
How do you treat navel ill in lambs?
- systemic abs
- nsaids
What are signs of meningitis in lmabs?
- Failure to suck
- Separation from dam
- Episcleral congestion
- Severe depression
- Altered gait»_space; recumbency
What are congenital conditions seen in lambs?
- borders disease
- schmallenberg virus
- deficiences
- toxicities
- hereditary
What is borders disease in lambs?
Border disease in lambs is a viral infection caused by a pestivirus, leading to weak or stillborn lambs, tremors, abnormal wool, and poor growth. It spreads from infected ewes to their offspring.
What is the Schmallenberg virus transmitted by?
cullicoides - midges
What does schmalenberg virus presetn like?
‘Dummy’ lambs - blindness, ataxia, recumbency, an inability to suck, and sometimes seizures
(ill thrift in lambs)
From pre-weaning to 90days, state the daily weight gain targets.
- pre-weaning = 300g/day
- post-weaning = 300g/day
- 0-56 days = more than 320g
- 57-90 days = more than 240g
What is the daily DM intake for lambs?
2.5-3.5% of BW
What are inhibitors of lamb growth?
- Poor nutrition
- PGE
- Nematodirosis
- Coccidiosis
- Mineral deficiencies
- Liver fluke – ewes during pregnancy/lactation or lambs
- Lameness
- (pneumonia: bacterial, lungworm; lamb diseases: orf, joint ill, navel ill)
(Approach to lamb and ewe flock health)
How can farm profitability be increased?
- It is not by treating an individual animal - treatment of the single animal only addresses that individual’s welfare needs
- It is by managing production limiting diseases within the flock
- It is by altering the flock management
- It is by changing the farming system
- Primarily by listening to the farmer and asking WHY? (intelligently)
What are common problems seen in spring time with sheep?
- abortion
- dystocia/caesarean
- perinatal lamb mortality
What are common problems seen in summer time with sheep?
- poor lamb growth
- blowfly strike
- lameness
- sudden death
What are common problems seen in autumn time with sheep?
- thin ewes
- rams not working
What are common problems seen in winter time with sheep?
- skin diseases
- thin ewes/preg tox
- high barren rate
What are existing records-legally required by framers
- Medicine books
- Mortality records
- Flock Register
- Movement records
(Antibiotic selection in clinical farm practice)
What does a bacteriostatic antibiotic do and what situations might they be preferable in?
They stop bacteria from growing and may be preferable in situations where killing bacteria can cause harm, such as endotoxic shock
What does a bactericidal antibiotic do and what situations might they be preferable in?
It actively kills the bacteria and is advantageous in immunosuppressed or neonatal animals.
Describe how to be responsible when using antibiotics
- Every time we use antibiotics we select for resistant bacteria
- The most responsible use is not to use them at all
- When we need to use antibiotics, we use them properly by protectin the most critically important classes
Describe the RUMA categorisation
Category A – Avoid
Category B – Restrict
Category C – Caution
Category D – Prudence
Give examples of beta lactams tat we use in practice?
- penicillin
- amoxicillin
- potential amoxicillin
- 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 3th generation cephalosporins
How can bacteria be resitant to beta lactams strains?
Some bacteria produce an enzyme called beta-lactamase, which is able to break down the beta-lactams so that resistant
What are common examples of beta-lactams?
Synulox
Betamox LA
Norocillian
Are beta-lactams bacteriacidal or static?
Bactericidal
How do beta lactams work and how are they excreted?
act by breaking down bacterial cell wall and excreted via kidneys + urinary tract
Are tetracyclines bactericidal or static?
bacteriostatic
How do tetracyclines work?
They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
Why do tetracyclines concentrate well in areas of inflammation?
Due to their pH
What are the different types of tertracyclines?
- oxytetracycline
- Chlortetracycline
- Doxycycline
- tetracycline
How do aminoglycosides work?
They inhibit protein syntheisis
are aminoglycosides bactericidal or static?
They are bactericidal
What are the different types of aminoglycosides?
- steptomycin
- gentamycin
- neomycin
How do sulphonamides work?
They inhibit bacterial folate syntesis
Are sulphonamides bactericidal or static?
Bacteriaostatic
What inhibits sulphonamides?
Inhibited by pus
Are fluroquinolones bactericidal or bacteriostatic?
cidal
Are flofenicols bacteriocidal or static?
Bacteriostatic
ARe macrolides bacteriostatic or cidal?
static
Are lincodamides bacteriostatic or cidal?
static
