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Pharmacognosy (Lab) > Module 1.1 - Phytochemical Investigation > Flashcards

Module 1.1 - Phytochemical Investigation Flashcards

1
Q

refers to the extraction, screening, and identification of medicinally active substances found in plants.

Different methods can be conducted to determine the different constituents present in plants

One of the methods of identifying the constituents

A

PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION

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2
Q

A method for use in phytochemical screening should be:

A
  1. Simple
  2. Rapid
  3. Designed for a minimum of equipment
  4. Reasonably selective for the class of compounds under study
  5. Quantitative in so far as having a knowledge of the lower limit of detection is concerned; and if possible
  6. Should give additional information as to the presence
    or absence of specific members of the group being evaluated
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3
Q

Phytochemical Investigation steps

A
  1. Authentication and Extraction
  2. Separation and Isolation of Constituent of interest
  3. Characterization of the Isolated Compound
  4. Investigation of the Biosynthetic Pathway
  5. Quantitative Evaluation
  6. Pharmacologic Evaluation of the Separated Compound
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4
Q

(COLLECTION OF PLANTS) After vegetative processes are ceased

A

Roots or Rhizomes

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5
Q

(COLLECTION OF PLANTS) Before vegetative process/After the period of damp weather

A

Stem or Bark

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6
Q

(COLLECTION OF PLANTS) When they are about to bloom

A

Flowers

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7
Q

(COLLECTION OF PLANTS) When they are fully matured

A

Seeds

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8
Q

(COLLECTION OF PLANTS) When photosynthesis is active

A

Leaves

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9
Q

(COLLECTION OF PLANTS) Unripe/Ripe

A

Fruits

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10
Q

It is the separation of medicinally active portions of plant/animal tissues using selected solvents through standard procedures

A

EXTRACTIONS

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11
Q

METHODS OF EXTRACTION

A
  • Plant tissue homogenization
  • Serial exhaustive extraction
  • Soxhlet extraction
  • Sonication
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12
Q

Soaking in a specific solvent for 24-73 hours or as indicated

A

Maceration

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13
Q

Steeping the sample into a cold or hot water

A

Infusion

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14
Q

A form of maceration in which gentle heat without boiling for at least 15 minutes

A

Digestion

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15
Q

The process of a liquid slowly passing through a filter.

A

Percolation

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16
Q

Used for percolation

A

Percolator

17
Q

a method of extraction by boiling herbals or plant to dissolve the chemicals of the material for at least 15 minutes

18
Q

A widely used method for separating the components of liquid mixtures based on the distribution of mixture constituents between the liquid and vapor phase

A

Distillation

19
Q

Is typically used for isolating oils from citrus peels. It involves soaking citrus peels in warm water and then hand-squeezing them with a sponge until the oil glands burst

A

Expression / Cold-press extraction

20
Q

What are the basic parameters that may influence the quality of extracts?

A
  1. plant part used as extracting material
  2. solvent used for extraction
  3. extraction procedure
21
Q

What are the common variations on extraction methods?

A
  1. length of the extraction period
  2. solvent used
  3. pH of the solvent
  4. temperature
  5. particle size
  6. solvent to sample ratio (1:10)
22
Q

(SOLVENT USED) fats, fixed oils, waxes, pigments, resins

A

Petroleum Ether

23
Q

(SOLVENT USED) alkaloids, resins, glycosides, coumarins, fatty acids

24
Q

(SOLVENT USED) same as Ether, terpenoid lactones*

A

Chloroform

25
Q

(SOLVENT USED) glycosides, tannins, saponin, resin

A

95% Alcohol

26
Q

(SOLVENT USED) hydrophillic and lipophillic components, phenolics, tannins

27
Q

(SOLVENT USED) same as 95% alcohol preferred in phytochemical screening

A

80% Alcohol

28
Q

(SOLVENT USED) glycosides, sugar, salt, gum mucin, protein

29
Q

(SOLVENT USED) alkaloids, salt of veg. acid

30
Q

(SOLVENT USED) Pentosans and hemicellulose

31
Q

(SOLVENT USED) selective extraction of terpenoids

A

Dichloromethanol

32
Q

Effect of extracted phytochemicals depends on:

A
  1. Nature of plant material
  2. Its origin
  3. Degree of processing
  4. Moisture content
  5. Particle size
33
Q

The variations in different extraction methods that will affect quantity and secondary metabolite composition of an extract depends upon:

A
  1. Type of extraction
  2. Time of extraction
  3. Temperature
  4. Nature of solvent
  5. Solvent concentration
  6. Polarity
34
Q

water soluble constituents like carbohydrates, amino acids.

A

Paper Chromatography

35
Q

lipid soluble constituents like fats, fixed oils, waxes, chlorophyll.

A

Thin Layer Chromatography

36
Q

volatile compounds like HC, terpenes, fatty acids

A

Gas Liquid Chromatography

37
Q

High Pressure Liquid Chromatography

A

High Pressure Liquid Chromatography

Pharmacognosy (Lab) (6 decks)

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