Module 1 - Introduction Flashcards
Study of drugs using organs of senses
ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION
The study of the form of a crude drug is morphology while the description of the form
MORPHOGRAPHY
More detailed examination of a drug
Used to identify the organized drugs by their known histological characteristics.
Used for qualitative evaluation of organized crude drugs in entire and powdered forms.
MICROSCOPIC EVALUATION
Can be used to confirm the structural details of the drugs from plant origin.
Microscope
Effective results, various reagents or stains from Microscopic Evaluation can be used to distinguish…
Cellular Structure
The chemical evaluation includes
- qualitative chemical tests,
- quantitative chemical tests,
- chemical assays and
- instrumental analysis.
The ___________________ of active constituents are chemical methods of evaluation.
isolation, purification and identification
Qualitative chemical tests include ________________ for various phytoconstituents like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, etc.
identification tests
Physical standards are to be determined for the drugs, wherever possible.
These are rarely constant for crude drugs but may help in evaluation, specifically with reference to:
- moisture content,
- specific gravity,
- density,
- optical rotation,
- refractive index,
- melting point,
- viscosity, and
- solubility in different solvents.
PHYSICAL EVALUATION
When the estimation of the potency of a crude drug or its preparation is done by means of its effect on living organisms like bacteria, fungal growth or animal tissue, or entire animal, it is known as a
bioassay
Used when standardization is not adequately done by chemical or physical means and also for conformity of therapeutic activity of raw material and finished product
BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
bioassay units
international unit (I.U.)
