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DMST 244 Obstetrics and Gyn Sonography 1 > Module 10: Fetal Chromosome abnormalities > Flashcards

Module 10: Fetal Chromosome abnormalities Flashcards

1
Q

What is an euploid?

A

A normal number of chromosomes- Means good set

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2
Q

What does aneuploidy means?

A

State of having an abnormal number of chromosomes (1 extra or 1 less) means bad set

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3
Q

What does trisomy means?

A

One extra complete or partial chromosome present in the cell (47xy)

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4
Q

What does triploidy mean?

A

A complete extra set of chromosomes resulting in 3 complete chromosome sets per cell (69xxy) (a form of polyploidy)

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5
Q

What does monosomy - turners syndrome means?

A

45xo - missing an x or y from paternal side (sperm)

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6
Q

What is a karyotype? How is it described?

A
  1. Chromosome set of an individual
  2. Described in terms of both the number of structure of chromosomes
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7
Q

In total there are how many chromosomes?

A

46, 23 from either parent

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8
Q

What is the normal karyotype? for each gender?

A

Female - 46 xx
Male 46 xy

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9
Q

What is an aneuploidy? How can this happen?

A
  1. State of having an abnormal number of chromosomes (1 extra or 1 less)
  2. A chromosome pair fails to separate during meiosis
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10
Q

The meiotic error that causes aneuploidy is called what?

A

Non disjunction

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11
Q

How does Aneuploidy happen? 2

A
  1. The sperm or oocyte has 2 copies of a particular chromosome or no copies instead of one copy in haploid state
  2. Once fertilization occurs the zygote either has 45, 47 chromosomes rather than 46
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12
Q

Approx how many live born infants has a chromosome abnormality?

A

1 in 160

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13
Q

Most common live chromosome abnormality is what? How many are afflicted?

A

trisomy 21 (down syndrome) 1 in 800 births

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14
Q

Most common chromosome abnormality among spontaneous aborted fetuses is what?

A

Turners syndrome (45xo)

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15
Q

Trisomy 18 and 13 are more severe than what?

A

Trisomy 21

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16
Q

Other autosomal trisomies are seen how frequently? And why?

A

Rarely due to lethal result and early pregnancy loss

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17
Q

What increases the risk of having a baby with down syndrome?

A

Late maternal age (over 35)

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18
Q

Is down syndrome lethal?

A

NO

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19
Q

Maternal serum triple or quad screen is what rate for down syndrome?

A

60%

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20
Q

What is the major cause of increased mortality in down syndrome?

A

Cardiac abnormalities

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21
Q

What are some things seen from down syndromes?

A

Intellectual disabilities and developmental delays (vary by individual)

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22
Q

What are some maternal blood test elements? 4

A
  1. AFP
  2. EU
  3. hCG
  4. Inhibin - A
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23
Q

What is AFP used for? What does it stand for? Where is it produced?

A
  1. Maternal blood test
  2. Alpha fetoprotein
  3. Produced by fetal liver
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24
Q

What is EU used for? Where is it produced? What days it stand for?

A
  1. Maternal blood test elements
  2. Produced by fetal liver and placenta
  3. unconjugated estriol
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25
Q

What is hCG used for in testing? What does it stand for? Where is it produced?

A
  1. Maternal blood test element
  2. Human chorionic gonadotropin
  3. Produced by the placenta
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26
Q

What is Inhibin- A? Where is it produced?

A
  1. Maternal blood test element
  2. hormone produced by the placenta
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27
Q

What are some triple screen maternal blood test results seen in trisomy 21?

A
  1. MS AFP decreased
  2. B hCG increaesd
  3. UE decreased
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28
Q

What are some triple screen maternal blood test results seen on trisomy 18?

A
  1. MSAFP decrease
  2. B hCG decrease
  3. UE3 Decrease
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29
Q

Is trisomy 13 predicted with triple screen maternal blood test?

A

Not predicted with the triple screen

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30
Q

What is looked for on a triple screen blood test?

A
  1. Alpha fetoprotein
  2. Human chorionic gonadotropin
  3. Estriol
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31
Q

What is the results of quad screen maternal test for trisomy 21?

A
  1. MSAFP decrease
  2. B hHCG increase
  3. UE3 Decrease
  4. Inhibin A increase
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32
Q

What are the results of Trisomy 18 maternal blood test quad screen?

A
  1. MSAFP Decrease
  2. B hCG decrease
  3. UE3 Decrease
  4. Inhibin A no change
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33
Q

What are some trisomy 21: sonographic appearances? 7

A
  1. Thick nuchal fold
  2. Absent or hypoplastic nasal bone
  3. Heart defects
  4. Mild renal dilation
  5. Duodenal artresia
  6. Tracheoesophageal fistual (increased AFI)
  7. Shortened long bones

thatdms

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34
Q

What are some heart defects for trisomy 21? 3

A
  1. AVSD
  2. VSD or ASD
  3. Echogenic focus in left or right ventricle
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35
Q

What are mild renal dilation seen in Trisomy 21? What is the size?

A
  1. Pelviectasis also called pyelectosis
  2. > 5mm
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36
Q

What are some less specific sonographic appearances in trisomy 21? 7

A
  1. Cystic hygroma
  2. Non immune hydrops
  3. Clinodactyly
  4. Echogenic bowel
  5. Omphalocele
  6. Mild ventriculomegaly- lateral cerebral ventricles
  7. Sandal foot

Some CNC

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37
Q

What is the lethality of trisomy 18?

A

Almost always lethal or very poor prognosis

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38
Q

What are the stats for survival for trisomy 18?

A
  1. 50% die in 1st two months of life
  2. 90% die in 1st year of life
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39
Q

What are some defects that trisomy 18 portray throughout life?

A

Profound intellectual disability

40
Q

Why is the diagnosis so poor for trisomy 18?

A

Heart and GI abnormalities

41
Q

What is the 2nd most common chromosome abnormality at birth?

A

Trisomy 18

42
Q

What is another name for trisomy 18?

A

Edwards syndrome

43
Q

What is the occurrence rate of trisomy 18?

A

1 in every 3000 to 5000 births

44
Q

What increases Trisomy 18?

A

LMA

45
Q

What does the triple screen markers look like for Trisomy 18?

A

All markers are low

46
Q

What does trisomy 18 look like sonographically? 5

A
  1. Early onset of symmetric IUGR with polyhydramnios
  2. Clenched fists and/or clinodactyly
  3. Club feet and/or rocker bottom feet
  4. CPC’s
  5. Heart defects (large VSD most common)
    Note: if CPC are identified, open hands must be demonstrated

ccche

47
Q

What are some less specific sonographic appearances to T18? 9

A
  1. Cleft lip and/or palate
  2. Omphalocele
  3. Diaphragmatic hernia
  4. Single umbilical artery
  5. Strawberry shaped head
  6. Radial ray syndrome (absent radius)
  7. Micrognathia
  8. Cystic hygroma
  9. enlarged cisterna magna

some drs. CC

48
Q

Is trisomy 13 lethal?

A

Lethal or very poor prognosis

49
Q

What is another name for trisomy 13?

A

Patau syndrome

50
Q

What is the survivability of trisomy 13 at birth and in the first year?

A

70% are stillborn, and 85% die in the 1st year

51
Q

Survivors of trisomy 13 have what kind of traits?

A

Profound intellectual disability

52
Q

What is the 3rd most common chromosome abnormality seen at birth?

A

Trisomy 13 or patau syndrome

53
Q

What is the occurance rate of trisomy 13?

A

1 in 5000 to 10,000 births

54
Q

What increases the risk of trisomy 13?

A

Advanced maternal age

55
Q

Does triple screen test detect trisomy 13?

A

no

56
Q

What is the midline sonographic defects of trisomy 13? What kind of abnormality is it? What is it fusion of? What are the classifications?

A

Holoprosencephaly
1. Severe abnormality of the forebrain cleavage (cerebrum or prosencephalon)
2. Fusion of the cerebral hemispheres and thalami
3. 3 classifications (lobar(mild), semilobar, alobar (severe))

57
Q

What does Holoprosencephaly lobar look like? 2

A
  1. Fused anterior horns that are off
  2. incomplete falx but 3rd ventricle may be seen
58
Q

What does holoprosencephaly semi lobar look like? 2

A
  1. Single horseshoe shaped ventricle with brain mantle
  2. No 3rd ventricle or falx
59
Q

What does holoprosencephaly alobar look like? 3

A
  1. Little or no cortical mantle
  2. Single horseshoe shaped ventricle
  3. Fused thalami and no 3rd ventricle or falx
60
Q

What are some non midline features of Trisomy 13? 7

A
  1. Cleft lip and/or palate
  2. Microphthalmia
  3. Hypotelorism
  4. Cyclopia
  5. Absent nose or replaced by proboscis
  6. Omphalocele
  7. Microcephaly or IUGR

Coma HMC

61
Q

What are some less specific sonographic features of Trisomy 13? 8

A
  1. Polydactyly - extra fingers
  2. Clinodactyly
  3. Club feet
  4. Rocker bottom feet
  5. Cystic hygroma
  6. Severe heart defects such as hypoplastic left heart or VSD
  7. Polycystic kidneys (echogenic kidneys)
  8. Enlarged cisterna magna

C spec CPR

62
Q

Where can the extra set of triploidy come from

A

Extra set can come from either parent
1. 60% fertilized with 2 sperm
2. 40% fertilization of diploid (46 chromosomes) egg

63
Q

What is the lethality and occurrence rate of Triploidy?

A

Rare Rate and usually lethal

64
Q

What are some markers on the triple/ quad screen that would indicate triploidy?

A

hCG marketed high (8x normal)

65
Q

What might happen with triploidy? (In terms of pregnancy)

A

Partial molar pregnancy

66
Q

Is triploidy associated with maternal age?

A

No

67
Q

What is the karyotype for triploidy?

A

69xxy, 69 xyy, 69xxx

68
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of triploidy? What happens when mother contributes extra chromosomes? What happens early on in the pregnancy?

A
  1. Large placenta with cysts
  2. Thin placenta when mother contributes the extra chromosomes
  3. Severe early asymmetric IUGR and oligohydramnios
69
Q

What is a partial mole? How are they formed?

A
  1. Large placenta with cysts
  2. One when fertilized with two sperm (paternal)
70
Q

What are some general sonographic appearances of triploidy 11

A
  1. Holoprosencephaly
  2. Agenesis of the corpus callosum
  3. Meningomyelocele
  4. Arnold Chiari malformation
  5. Ventriculomegaly
  6. Heart defects
  7. Facial clefts
  8. Syndactyly
  9. Club feet
  10. Cystic hygroma
  11. Omphalocele

Ham as focc vh

71
Q

What is turners syndrome 45xo? What are the gender of the babies? What is the fertility like for these children?

A
  1. When one of the sex chromosomes are missing
  2. All are female
  3. The children are all sterile - missing ovaries
72
Q

Does maternal age affect the occurrence rate of turners syndrome?

A

Nope

73
Q

What is the most common chromosome abnormality in spontaneous abortions? What is the occurrence rate for therapeutic aboriton

A
  1. turners syndrome 45xo
  2. 95% undergo therapeutic abortion
74
Q

Is there any life threatening anomalies to Turner’s?

A

Few and normal intellect

75
Q

What are some sonographic appearances of turners syndrome? 4

A
  1. Cystic hygroma
  2. Hydrops
  3. Heart defects
  4. Renal abnormalities

CHHR

76
Q

What cystic hygromas seen in turners syndrome look like? 2

A
  1. Septated cystic collections within the fluid at the back of the neck
  2. Web neck
77
Q

What are some heart defects seen in turners syndrome?

A

Coarctation of the aorta

78
Q

What are the renal abnormalities of Turners? 3

A
  1. Agenesis
  2. Horseshoe kidney
  3. Pelvic kidney
79
Q

What is this an image of?

A

Duodenal atresia

80
Q

What does this image demonstrate?

A

Bilateral EIF (echogenic intracardiac focus)

81
Q

What do these images represent?

A

The thickened nuchal fold of trisomy 21

82
Q

What do these images represent?

A

Hydrops: a condition in which large amounts of fluid build up in a baby’s tissues and organs, causing extensive swelling (edema)

83
Q

What do these images represent?

A

Clinodactyly: your child has a finger that curves to one side. It usually affects the little (pinky) finger but can affect other fingers as well.

84
Q

What do these images represent?

A
  1. Sandal gap: A widely spaced gap between the first toe (the great toe) and the second toe
  2. Cystic hygroma: a birth defect that appears as a sac-like structure with a thin wall that most commonly occurs in the head and neck area of an infant
85
Q

What does this image demonstrate?

A

All the common sonographic appearances with T21

86
Q

What is the significance of these images?

A

The open and clenched fists are a common sign of trisomy 18

87
Q

What do these images represent?

A

Club feet + rocker bottom

88
Q

What does these images represent?

A

Strawberry headshape

89
Q

What does this image demonstrate?

A

All the common sonographic features of T18

90
Q

What does this image demonstrate?

A

Holoprosencephaly in degree of severity

91
Q

What does this image represent?

A

Lobar Holoprosencephaly

92
Q

What do these images represent?

A

Holoprosencephaly + cleft lip

93
Q

What does this image demonstrate?

A

Proboscis and cyclopia (note the nose on the forehead)

94
Q

What does this image demonstrate?

A

Trisomy 13 common sonographic features

95
Q

What does this image represent?

A

Symmetrical IUGR and and normal fetus

96
Q

What does this image represent?

A

Cystic hygroma

DMST 244 Obstetrics and Gyn Sonography 1 (22 decks)

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