Module 10: Care of the Newborn with Special Needs (Adelante) Flashcards
This newborn, regardless of gestational age or birth weight, has greater chances of morbidity or mortality than a normal neonate.
HIGH RISK NEWBORN
What are the classifications of high-risk newborns according to birth weight?
(A) Small for Gestational Age (SGA)
1. Low birth weight
2. Very low birth weight
3. Extremely low birth weight
(B) Large for Gestational Age (LGA)
What are the classifications of high risk newborns according to maturity?
(A) Preterm Infant (born <37 weeks)
(B) Post-Term Infant (born >40 weeks)
What is the main cause of SGA?
Most cases of SGA are due to Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR), though some are small due to genetics.
This condition occurs when the fetus does not receive adequate nutrients and oxygen needed for proper growth and organ development.
Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)
What are the maternal factors that contribute to SGA and IUGR?
(A) Malnutrition, anemia
(B) High blood pressure
(C) Advanced diabetes
(D) Chronic kidney disease
(E) Heart or respiratory disease
(F) Infection
(G) Substance use (alcohol, drugs)
(H) Cigarette smoking
What placental and uterine anomalies contribute to SGA and IUGR?
(A) Decreased blood flow in the uterus and placenta
(B) Placental abruption (placenta detaches from the uterus)
(C) Placenta previa (placenta attaches low in the uterus)
(D) Vasa previa (infection in the tissue around the fetus)
This condition occurs when the placenta detaches from the uterus.
Placenta abruption
This condition occurs when the placenta attaches low in the uterus.
Placenta Previa
This condition occurs when there is an infection in the tissue around the fetus.
Vasa Previa
What are the different fetal factors contribute to SGA?
(A) Multiple gestation (twins, triplets, etc.)
(B) Infection
(C) Birth defects
(D) Chromosomal abnormalities
How is SGA identified before birth?
Through fundal height measurement and ultrasound.
How does fundal height help diagnose SGA?
(A) 12 weeks – Fundus above symphysis pubis
(B) 20 weeks – At the umbilicus
(C) 36 weeks – At the xiphoid process
If the fundal height progressively becomes smaller, SGA is suspected.
This is a test that uses sound waves to create a picture of internal structure. This is the most accurate method of estimating fetal size.
ULTRASOUND
How does ultrasound help diagnose SGA?
(A) Measures fetal head and abdomen size.
(B) Compares measurements to a growth chart to estimate fetal weight.
How does fetal abdominal circumference help diagnose SGA?
It is a helpful indicator of fetal nutrition.
This is an ultrasound study that evaluates blood flow in vessels. This uses sound waves to measure the amount and speed of blood flow.
DOPPLER FLOW
What is Doppler Flow, and how does it help in diagnosing SGA?
Helps determine if blood vessels are open or blocked.
What are other indicators of SGA during pregnancy?
(A) Mother’s weight gain: Decreased
(B) Gestational assessment: Birth weight is compared with gestational age after birth.
What tests are used to assess placental function?
(A) Fetal Nonstress Test (NST)
(B) Placental grading
(C) Amniotic fluid amount
(D) Ultrasound
This is used to measure fetal movement and heart rate for 20 top 30 minutes. It also ensures that fetal oxygenation is adequate.
Fetal Nonstress Test (NST)
What is the normal heart rate?
120 to 140 bpm
Low oxygen levels may indicate what?
It may indicate placental or umbilical cord problems.
What are the common physical characteristics of an SGA infant?
(A) Wasted appearance
(B) Below average weight, length, and head circumference
(C) Large head in proportion to the small body (not hydrocephalus)
(D) Widely separated skull sutures due to poor bone growth
(E) Dull, lusterless hair
(F) Poor skin turgor
(G) Sunken abdomen (normal infants have a globular abdomen)
(H) Dry umbilical cord, possibly stained yellow