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MATERNAL AND CHILD NURSING (2ND SEMESTER) > Module 01: Framework for Maternal and Child Health Nursing Focusing on at Risk, and Sick Client > Flashcards

Module 01: Framework for Maternal and Child Health Nursing Focusing on at Risk, and Sick Client Flashcards

1
Q

This is known as the basic units of heredity that determine both the physical and cognitive characteristics of people.

A

GENES

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2
Q

Genes are composed of what?

A

These are composed of segments of DNA; they are woven into strands into the nucleus of all the body cells to form the chromosomes.

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3
Q

Genes are woven into strands into the nucleus of all the body cells to form the ____________.

A

CHROMOSOMES

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4
Q

This is the type of cell division that occurs in non reproductive cells. They produce the exact copies of the parent cell.

A

Mitosis

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5
Q

This type of cell division occurs in reproductive cells or gametes. They produce egg and sperm cells with half of the genetic material of parent cells.

A

Meiosis

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6
Q

Explain the difference between haploid and diploid.

A

(A) Haploid = 23 chromosomes (To produce the offspring)
(B) Diploid = 46 chromosomes

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7
Q

Mitosis results to what?

A

Into two identical daughter cells (Chromosomes from the gametes (egg and sperm cells)

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8
Q

Meiosis results to what?

A

Four sex cells (22 homologous autosomal pairs + 1 pair of sex chromosomes)

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9
Q

Sex is determined by what?

A

TWO SEX CHROMOSOMES
(A) FEMALE: XX
(B) MALE: XY

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10
Q

This is the study of chromosomes by light microscopy and the way by which cellular aberrations are identified.

A

CYTOGENETICS

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11
Q

This pertains to the complete set of genes present (about 50,000 to 100,000).

A

GENOME

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12
Q

A normal genome is abbreviated as what?

A

46XX or 46XY (total number of autosomes plus a graphic description of the sex chromosome present)

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13
Q

This pertains to the actual gene composition.

A

GENOTYPE

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14
Q

This refers to his or her outward appearance of
the expression of genes.

A

PHENOTYPE

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15
Q

What is the difference between a genotype and phenotype?

A

(A) Genotypes are the genetic make-up of an individual.
(B) Phenotypes are the physical traits and characteristics of an
individual and are influenced by their genotype and the environment. 3

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16
Q

This pertains to the field of biology that studies how characteristics or traits are passed from parent to child.

A

GENETICS

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17
Q

Who is known as the Father of Genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel (Austrian Monk who gardened and grew peas in the mid 1800s).

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18
Q

What are the seven (7) different traits in pea plant?

A

(A) Height
(B) Pod appearance
(C) Seed texture
(D) Position of flowers
(E) Flower color
(F) Pod color
(G) Seed color

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19
Q

This explains the principle of genetic inheritance of disease are the same as those that govern genetic inheritance of the other physical characteristics.

A

Mandelian Inheritance: Dominant and Recessive Patterns

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20
Q

This pertains to the mode of genes wherein there are two healthy genes from the mother and father.

A

Homozygous

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21
Q

This pertains to the mode of genes wherein one gene is healthy and the other gene is unhealthy.

A

Heterozygous

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22
Q

This pertains to the interaction between multiple genes and multiple environmental factors.

A

Multifactorial Inheritance

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23
Q

Explain the process of genomic imprinting.

A

This occurs in few special genes, wherein alleles inherited from the father are expressed differently than alleles inherited from the mother.

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24
Q

This type of abnormality occurs when there is uneven cellular division during meiosis or when there is failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly.

A

Nondisjunction Abnormalities

Chromosomal Abnormalities: Cytogenetic Disorders

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25
Q

What are the two types of structural abnormalities?

A

(A) Deletion abnormalities
(B) Translocation abnormalities

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26
Q

This occurs when a portion of the chromosomes is missing or deleted.

A

Deletions

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27
Q

This occurs when a portion of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome.

A

Translocation

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28
Q

This pertains to the study of the way such disorders occur.

A

Genetics

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29
Q

During modern genetics, this was founded by Gregor Mendel. This aims to investigate the patterns of inheritance.

A

Mendelian Genetics

30
Q

Under modern genetics, this is characterized to utilize techniques of cytology and microscopy to study chromosomes and their relationships to hereditary traits.

A

CYTOGENETICS

31
Q

Under modern genetics, this is known to use biochemistry to study the structure and function of DNA.

A

Molecular Genetics

32
Q

This pertains to the treatment of genetic diseases through an understanding of the human genome.

A

Genomic Genetics

33
Q

This provides an opportunity for patients to understand and incorporate genetic information to allow them to make informed decisions.

A

Genetic Counseling

34
Q

Under genetic counseling, it is the nurse’s role to increase the family’s understanding about:

A

(A) A hereditary disease(s)
(B) The risks assessments and occurrence
(C) Risks and benefits of confirmatory or genetic testing
(D) Disease management
(E) Other available options

35
Q

What are the others of genetic counseling?

A

(A) Further explain the results of testing related to hereditary disease(s)
(B) Identify the individual and family the psychosocial tools required to adjust to potential outcomes and reduce the family’s anxiety

(The strategies to achieve these outcomes vary within and across countries)

36
Q

These are healthcare professionals who are trained in medical genetics and psychosocial counseling. They have specialized training in psychosocial counseling of patients and members of their families with risks for genetic disorders.

A

Genetic Counselors

37
Q

What are the roles of genetic counselors?

A

(A) To provide genetic counseling which involves data gathering of family history information and assessment.
(B) To work closely with clinical and medical genticists.

38
Q

These healthcare professionals are the ones who provide the clinical diagnosis and management of a patient and other medical specialties.

A

Medical geneticists

39
Q

What do medical geneticists do?

A

Diagnose and manage hereditary conditions, working with specialists like perinatologists and oncologists. They also provide genetic counseling.

40
Q

Who do medical geneticists collaborate with?

A

Social workers, nurses, nutritionists, and specialists to provide genetic counseling and support in:

(A) Pediatric
(B) Metabolic
(C) Cancer
(D) Prenatal
(E) Neurology
(F) Cardiovascular
(G) Various high-risk speciality clinics

41
Q

Why is there a growing need for genetic counselors across the globe?

A

Increasing genetic testing demand and expanded genomic technology use in assessing a patient’s disease risk, prognosis, and diagnosis.

42
Q

What is the genetic counselor-to-population ratio in the Philippines?

A

1:16,390,000.

43
Q

What is the clinical geneticist-to-population ratio in the Philippines?

A

1:10,930,000.

44
Q

What programs increase demand for genetic counseling in the Philippines?

A

(A) Expansion of the Philippine Newborn Screening Program (and)
(B) Various public health genetics programs, including the Birth Defects Surveillance Project, Telegenetics Referral System and the establishment of the Philippine Genome Center

45
Q

What are the roles of genetic counselors?

A

(A) Patient and family medical history taking
(B) Interpretation of family and medical histories
(C) Risk assessment and counseling
(D) Education about inheritance, testing, management, prevention, resources, and research
(E) Counseling to promote informed choices and adaptation to the risk or condition
(F) Provision of psychosocial support to patients and their family members.

46
Q

Where are genetic counseling services mainly available?

A

Government tertiary facilities. (Going to expand through continuity clinics attached to the National Newborn Screening Program).

47
Q

What is MS Genetic Counseling?

A

A 2-year program at UP College of Medicine for genetic counseling training.

48
Q

Which university offers MS Genetic Counseling?

A

University of the Philippines- College of Medicine
Department of Pediatrics

49
Q

Graduates of the MS Genetic Counseling Program are also expected to what?

A

(A) Manage patient registries
(B) Organize and mobilize patients to form support groups
(C) Serve as educators to other health professionals
(D) Participate/ lead in research studies
(E) Manage genetic services programs
(F) Participate in the formulation of clinical genetic counseling practice guidelines.

50
Q

What are the different employment opportunities after taking the MS Genetic Counseling Program?

A

(A) Newborn Screening Centers
(B) Continuity clinics located strategically nationwide
(C) Specialty clinics located in either government or private healthcare institutions

51
Q

What are the key roles of nurses in genetic counseling?

A

(A) Provide education.
(B) Assess risk.
(C) Support and advocate.
(D) Explain test results.
(E) Facilitate decision-making.

52
Q

What is included in the assessment phase of the nursing process in genetics?

A

(A) Detailed family history (3 generations).
(B) Physical exams of parents and affected children.
(C) Referral to the multidisciplinary team.

53
Q

Name one possible nursing diagnosis related to genetic counseling.

A

Decisional conflict about testing for an untreatable genetic disorder.

54
Q

Give another example of a nursing diagnosis in genetics.

A

Give another example of a nursing diagnosis in genetics.

55
Q

What nursing diagnosis relates to inheritance patterns?

A

Knowledge deficit or situational low self-esteem related to family inheritance patterns.

56
Q

What health-seeking behavior is linked to genetic transmission concerns?

A

Altered sexuality pattern due to fear of conceiving a child with a genetic disorder.

56
Q

What are key nursing interventions for genetic disorders?

A

(A) Manage disease-specific signs and symptoms.
(B) Provide health education.
(C) Offer counseling and support.

57
Q

How can nurses provide psychosocial support?

A

(A) Assess parents’ supportive needs.
(B) Listen without pressuring them to talk.
(C) Comfort and acknowledge their concerns.
(D) Provide educational resources.
(E) Refer to appropriate specialists.

58
Q

This pertains to a group sharing common experiences to provide emotional and moral support.

A

Support Group

59
Q

A support group may work with whom.

A

To inform or educate the public or
engage in advocacy.

60
Q

What are the benefits of joining a support group?

A

(A) Share coping strategies.
(B) Gain empowerment and community.
(C) Build sympathetic understanding and social networks.

61
Q

These are member-run groups, often by volunteers with personal experience, e.g., Down Syndrome Association of the Philippines.

A

Self Help Support Group

62
Q

What are some examples of self help support groups?

A

(A) Philippine Society for Orphan Disorders
(B) Down Syndrome Association of the Philippines, Inc.
(C) MSUD Support Group
(D) Osteogenesis Imperfecta Care Philippines

63
Q

This group is often facilitated by professionals like social workers or psychologists, e.g., Balikatang Thalassemia.

A

Professionally Operated Support Groups

64
Q

This group is often constituted of advocates for issues of concern, not necessarily sharing the same problems, e.g., Philippine Society for Orphan Disorders or Youth for Health.

A

Advocacy Groups

65
Q

What are the key functions of emotional support in support groups?

A

(A) Provide ongoing support.
(B) Help during crises.
(C) Reinforce positive coping.
(D) Focus anger positively.
(E) Relieve loneliness and foster friendships.

66
Q

What are the educational support roles of support groups?

A

(A) Share information and resources.
(B) Provide training for parents to improve skills.
(C) Help in dealing with educational, medical, and other service agencies.

67
Q

How do support groups provide social support?

A

(A) Promote interaction and reduce stigma.
(B) Facilitate learning from other families.
(C) Network with advocacy groups for assistance.
(D) Empower members.

68
Q

What is the research role of support groups?

A

Encourage participation in or fundraising for research.

69
Q

What is the key message about providing support?

A

(A) Patient differ in the type and amount of support that they need
■ Providing additional resources (both educational, and supportive)
(B) Extend genuine help where they need it
(C) Encourage and respond to the patient’s emotional needs
(D) Patient autonomy must be respected
(E) Recognize that patients are resilient
(F) Use of patient-centered language

70
Q

This occurs when individuals maximize their ability to function and develop their inner strength.

A

Empowerment

71
Q

How is empowerment achieved in support groups?

A

(A) Discussion what patients wish to discuss
(B) Respect their views.
(C) Enable informed decision-making.

MATERNAL AND CHILD NURSING (2ND SEMESTER) (6 decks)

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