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Histology > Module 10 > Flashcards

Module 10 Flashcards

1
Q

All glands arise/originate from what?

A

epithelium layer

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2
Q

glands connected to a ductal system and secrete onto a surface

A

exocrine glands

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3
Q

glands surrounded by connective tissue and blood vessels but no ductal system and secrete into vessels

A

endocrine glands

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4
Q

What is known as the “master endocrine gland”

A

pituitary

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5
Q

What is known as the hypophysis

A

pituitary

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6
Q

where is the pituitary located

A

at the base of the brain in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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7
Q

what connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus

A

infundibulum

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8
Q

two lobes of the pituitary

A

adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis

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9
Q

3 parts of the anterior lobe of the pituitary/adenohypophysis

A

pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis

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10
Q

3 parts of the posterior lobe of the pituitary/neurohypophysis

A

pars nerosa, median eminence, infundibular stem

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11
Q

What structure is pictured here?

A

pituitary

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12
Q

What structures are pictured here?

A

pituitary connected to hypothalamus by infundibulum

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13
Q

What two parts of the pituitary are pictured here?

A

Pars nervosa and pars distalis

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14
Q

Where does the adenohypophysis form from?

A

an evagination of the oral ectoderm, called Rathke’s pouch

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15
Q

Where does the neurohypophysis originate?

A

growth off the hypothalamus made of neural tissue

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16
Q

Why is the HPA portal system important?

A

It allows the hypothalamus to release pormones directly to the pituitary without being diluted or have to go through the whole body

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17
Q

what are the two types of cells in the pars distalis?

A

chromophils and chromophobes

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18
Q

What’s the main part of chromophobes/chromophils that stains with H&E stain?

A

granules inside

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19
Q

2 types of chromophils

A

basophils and acidophils

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20
Q

How can you determine which hormones are produced by a cell?

A

immunohistochemistry

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21
Q

What color do acidophils stain?

A

pink/red

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22
Q

What color do basophils stain?

A

blue/purple

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23
Q

What hormones do acidophiles secrete?

A

growth hormone and prolactin

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24
Q

What hormones do basopohils secrete?

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

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25
Q

mnemonic to remember hormones of acidophils and basophils of the pars distalis

A

it’s A-Great performance in B-FLAT

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26
Q

What glia are found in the pituitary?

A

pituicytes

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27
Q

Where does the neurohypophysis originate from the hypothalamus?

A

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

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28
Q

accumulation of granules visible with light microscopy in the pars nervosa

A

Herring bodies

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29
Q

hormones synthesized in the neurohypophysis

A

oxytocin and ADH

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30
Q

Where are neurohypophyseal hormones released?

A

directly into fenestrated capillaries

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31
Q

carrier proteins that transport oxytocin and vasopressin to the posterior pituitary from the hypothalamus

A

neurophysins

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32
Q

What structure is shown?

A

pars nervosa

33
Q

What hormones are produced by the thyroid

A

T3, T4, calcitonin

34
Q

What lines thyroid follicles?

A

simple squamous and columnar epithelium

35
Q

TSH receptors are located where?

A

on the basal cell membrane of the thyroid follicles

36
Q

What state do thyroid follicles extend pseudopods into the follicles to envelop and absorb colloid?

A

hyperactive state

37
Q

Which state is TSH most active?

A

hyperactive state

38
Q

What is shown in this image?

A

thyroid gland

39
Q

where are parafollicular cells (aka C cells) found?

A

in the thyroid around the periphery of the follicles

40
Q

Where is calcitonin secreted?

A

from the C cells/parafollicular cells

41
Q

What breaks down into T3 and T4?

A

thyroglobulin

42
Q

how many lobes are there to the parathyroid gland?

A

4

43
Q

What structure is pictured?

A

Parathyroid

44
Q

2 types of cell found in the parathyroid

A

chief cells and oxyphil cells

45
Q

principal cell of the parathyroid. More numerous, polygonal shpaed, and contains PTH

A

Chief cells

46
Q

Larger polygonal cells in the parathyroid that contain acidophilic mitochondria and accumulate with age

A

oxyphil cells

47
Q

What major glands are pictured here?

A

Thyroid (top) and parathyroid (bottom)

48
Q

What types of cells are found in this micrograph?

A

Chief cells and oxyphil cells of the parathyroid

49
Q

Which type of parathyroid cell has a lot of mitochondria?

A

oxyphil cells

50
Q

Which type of parathyroid cell synthesizes pre-pro-PTH and pro-PTH which ultimately becomes PTH?

A

Chief cells

51
Q

2 layers of the adrenal gland

A

cortex and medulla

52
Q

embryonic origins of each layer of the adrenals

A

cortex- mesoderm

medulla- neural crest ectoderm

53
Q

What structure is pictured?

A

Adrenal gland

54
Q

3 regions of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

55
Q

Which layer of the adrenal medulla secretes mineralcorticoids?

A

glomerulosa

56
Q

Which layer of the adrenal medulla looks like rounded/oval clusters?

A

glomerulosa

57
Q

Which layer of the adrenal medulla looks like straight cords and contains liquid droplets

A

fasciculata

58
Q

Which layer of the adrenal medulla is known to contain lots of smooth ER, lipofuscin pigment granules, mitochondria, and abundant lipid droplets?

A

fasciculata

59
Q

What structure/zones are pictured here?

A

adrenal medulla: zona fasciculata and reticularis

60
Q

modified sympathetic, postganglionic neurons are found in which layer of the adrenals?

A

medulla

61
Q

Cells of the adrenal medulla are also known as what?

A

chromaffin cells

62
Q

What do the adrenal medulla granules contain?

A

chromogranin protein, ATP, epinephrine/norepi, and an opiate-like peptide

63
Q

Darker stained cells of the pancreas are which part?

A

the exocrine portion

64
Q

What makes up the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

Islets of langerhands

65
Q

What structure is pictured here?

A
66
Q

pancreatic cells that secrete glucagon

A

alpha cells

67
Q

pancreatic cells that secrete insulin

A

beta cells

68
Q

pancreatic cells that secrete somatostatin and inhibit other pancreatic cells

A

delta cells

69
Q

pancreatic cells that release pancreatic polypeptide

A

F cells

70
Q

4 types of cells found in the islets of langerhans

A

alpha, beta, delta, and F cells

71
Q

what gland is also known as the epiphysis cerebri

A

pineal gland

72
Q

pineal gland is covered by which meningeal layer

A

pia mater

73
Q

What is the pineal gland histologically similar to?

A

pars nervosa

74
Q

2 cell types found in the pineal gland

A

pinealocytes and astrocytes

75
Q

majority of cells in the pineal gland

A

pinealocytes

76
Q

cells that produce melatonin

A

pinealocytes

77
Q

what structure is also known as “brain sand”?

A

corpora arencia

78
Q

secretory activity in the pineal gland is regulated by what?

A

stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light

79
Q

what NTs are released by the nerves in the pineal gland?

A

norepinephrine and serotonin

Histology (9 decks)

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