Module 10 Flashcards
All glands arise/originate from what?
epithelium layer
glands connected to a ductal system and secrete onto a surface
exocrine glands
glands surrounded by connective tissue and blood vessels but no ductal system and secrete into vessels
endocrine glands
What is known as the “master endocrine gland”
pituitary
What is known as the hypophysis
pituitary
where is the pituitary located
at the base of the brain in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
what connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus
infundibulum
two lobes of the pituitary
adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis
3 parts of the anterior lobe of the pituitary/adenohypophysis
pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis
3 parts of the posterior lobe of the pituitary/neurohypophysis
pars nerosa, median eminence, infundibular stem
What structure is pictured here?
pituitary
What structures are pictured here?
pituitary connected to hypothalamus by infundibulum
What two parts of the pituitary are pictured here?
Pars nervosa and pars distalis
Where does the adenohypophysis form from?
an evagination of the oral ectoderm, called Rathke’s pouch
Where does the neurohypophysis originate?
growth off the hypothalamus made of neural tissue
Why is the HPA portal system important?
It allows the hypothalamus to release pormones directly to the pituitary without being diluted or have to go through the whole body
what are the two types of cells in the pars distalis?
chromophils and chromophobes
What’s the main part of chromophobes/chromophils that stains with H&E stain?
granules inside
2 types of chromophils
basophils and acidophils
How can you determine which hormones are produced by a cell?
immunohistochemistry
What color do acidophils stain?
pink/red
What color do basophils stain?
blue/purple
What hormones do acidophiles secrete?
growth hormone and prolactin
What hormones do basopohils secrete?
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
mnemonic to remember hormones of acidophils and basophils of the pars distalis
it’s A-Great performance in B-FLAT
What glia are found in the pituitary?
pituicytes
Where does the neurohypophysis originate from the hypothalamus?
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
accumulation of granules visible with light microscopy in the pars nervosa
Herring bodies
hormones synthesized in the neurohypophysis
oxytocin and ADH
Where are neurohypophyseal hormones released?
directly into fenestrated capillaries
carrier proteins that transport oxytocin and vasopressin to the posterior pituitary from the hypothalamus
neurophysins
What structure is shown?
pars nervosa
What hormones are produced by the thyroid
T3, T4, calcitonin
What lines thyroid follicles?
simple squamous and columnar epithelium
TSH receptors are located where?
on the basal cell membrane of the thyroid follicles
What state do thyroid follicles extend pseudopods into the follicles to envelop and absorb colloid?
hyperactive state
Which state is TSH most active?
hyperactive state
What is shown in this image?
thyroid gland
where are parafollicular cells (aka C cells) found?
in the thyroid around the periphery of the follicles
Where is calcitonin secreted?
from the C cells/parafollicular cells
What breaks down into T3 and T4?
thyroglobulin
how many lobes are there to the parathyroid gland?
4
What structure is pictured?
Parathyroid
2 types of cell found in the parathyroid
chief cells and oxyphil cells
principal cell of the parathyroid. More numerous, polygonal shpaed, and contains PTH
Chief cells
Larger polygonal cells in the parathyroid that contain acidophilic mitochondria and accumulate with age
oxyphil cells
What major glands are pictured here?
Thyroid (top) and parathyroid (bottom)
What types of cells are found in this micrograph?
Chief cells and oxyphil cells of the parathyroid
Which type of parathyroid cell has a lot of mitochondria?
oxyphil cells
Which type of parathyroid cell synthesizes pre-pro-PTH and pro-PTH which ultimately becomes PTH?
Chief cells
2 layers of the adrenal gland
cortex and medulla
embryonic origins of each layer of the adrenals
cortex- mesoderm
medulla- neural crest ectoderm
What structure is pictured?
Adrenal gland
3 regions of the adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis
Which layer of the adrenal medulla secretes mineralcorticoids?
glomerulosa
Which layer of the adrenal medulla looks like rounded/oval clusters?
glomerulosa
Which layer of the adrenal medulla looks like straight cords and contains liquid droplets
fasciculata
Which layer of the adrenal medulla is known to contain lots of smooth ER, lipofuscin pigment granules, mitochondria, and abundant lipid droplets?
fasciculata
What structure/zones are pictured here?
adrenal medulla: zona fasciculata and reticularis
modified sympathetic, postganglionic neurons are found in which layer of the adrenals?
medulla
Cells of the adrenal medulla are also known as what?
chromaffin cells
What do the adrenal medulla granules contain?
chromogranin protein, ATP, epinephrine/norepi, and an opiate-like peptide
Darker stained cells of the pancreas are which part?
the exocrine portion
What makes up the endocrine portion of the pancreas?
Islets of langerhands
What structure is pictured here?
pancreatic cells that secrete glucagon
alpha cells
pancreatic cells that secrete insulin
beta cells
pancreatic cells that secrete somatostatin and inhibit other pancreatic cells
delta cells
pancreatic cells that release pancreatic polypeptide
F cells
4 types of cells found in the islets of langerhans
alpha, beta, delta, and F cells
what gland is also known as the epiphysis cerebri
pineal gland
pineal gland is covered by which meningeal layer
pia mater
What is the pineal gland histologically similar to?
pars nervosa
2 cell types found in the pineal gland
pinealocytes and astrocytes
majority of cells in the pineal gland
pinealocytes
cells that produce melatonin
pinealocytes
what structure is also known as “brain sand”?
corpora arencia
secretory activity in the pineal gland is regulated by what?
stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light
what NTs are released by the nerves in the pineal gland?
norepinephrine and serotonin
