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VITAMINS & MINERALS > MODULE 1: Week 4 Mitochondrial Dysfunction/Electron Transport Chain > Flashcards

MODULE 1: Week 4 Mitochondrial Dysfunction/Electron Transport Chain Flashcards

1
Q

**What happens to mitochondria if it experiences oxidative damage (hint what happens to membrane?)

A

Membrane becomes LEAKY and hydrogens leak out and damage the cell (because hydrogens are acidic!)

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2
Q

Are hydrogens acidic or alkaline?

A

Acidic

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3
Q

**Organ systems affected by mitochondrial dysfunction

A 
* Basically all 
Heart 
Eye 
Musculoskeletal 
Pancreas 
Blood 
Brain
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4
Q

** Only cells without mitochondria (hint blood)

A

Red blood cells

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5
Q

** Each cell has how many mitochondria ?

A

2500!!!

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6
Q

** Cells with HIGHEST number of mitochondria per cell

A

MUSCLE: Heart and skeletal

NERVOUS SYSTEM: Brain, CNS, PNS, ANS

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7
Q

** Do we get all our mitochondria from our mother or father?

A

MOTHER

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8
Q

** T/F On a normal day we use and synthesize our body weight in ATP

A

True!

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9
Q

** Organelle that makes ATP

A

MITOCHONDRIA

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10
Q

**Kreb cycle and electron transport take place in what organelle?

A

Mitochondria

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11
Q

** Anaerobic cellular respiration takes place ?

A

Cytoplasm

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12
Q

** Aerobic cellular respiration (Kreb & electron transport) take place?

A

Mitochondria

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13
Q

** Anaerobic cellular respiration breaks down X to X

A

glucose to pyruvate

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14
Q

** Without oxygen, what happens to PYRUVATE??

A

Can’t get into mitochondria so gets converted to LACTATE/lactic acid

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15
Q

**What to B vitamins do you need to form NAD and FADH? (Hint N for?? F for ??)

A

N for NIACIN

F for FLAVIN/RIBOFLAVIN

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16
Q

** Glucose —> pyruvate —> acetyl CoA requires which 4 B vitamins?

A

B1, B2, B3 & B5 (pantothenic acid)

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17
Q

** B1 B2 B3 rhymes with XXX?

A

ENERGY (B vitamins needed for GLYCOLYSIS)

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18
Q

Triglycerides —> fatty acids —> mitochondria via WHAT AMINO ACID? —> acety CoA

A

Carnitine

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19
Q

** What B vitamin is needed for transamination ?

A

B6

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20
Q

** Caritine also known as tri…..?

A

Tri-methyl-lysine

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21
Q

** 4 things needed to make CARNITINE

A
  1. SAMe (Mg, ATP, Methionine)
  2. Vitamin C, Fe
  3. B6
  4. NADH
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22
Q

SAMe is made from what 3 things?

A

Me = methionine

Mg

ATP

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23
Q

** Obese vegetarians and methionine ?

A

Methionine inhibited when eat a lot fo grains/legumes

Without methionine can’t make CARNITINE (and then can’t properly metabolize fat)

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24
Q

** B3 is?

A

NIACIN

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25
Q

** KREB CYCLE: Our Cousin Ciselia Is OverSexed And Keeps Six hundred Sixty Five Men

A

O = Oxaloacetate

C= Citrate

Cis = Cisaconitate etc.

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26
Q

** In Kreb cycle organic acids are ???

A

OXIDIZED

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27
Q

** What is produced from Kreb cycle (4 different)

A
  • 2 CO2
  • 3 NADH
  • 1 FAD
  • 2 ATP
28
Q

** NAD is derived from B what? (Hint how many produced during Krebs cycle)

29
Q

** FAD is derived from ??

30
Q

** B1 is

31
Q

** Components of electron transport chain ***

A
  1. 4 complexes
32
Q

*** what moves electrons through electron transport chain

A

NADH and FAD (reduced nucleotides)

33
Q

** What happens with hydrogen in the electron transport chain?

A

Hydrogen is pumped into mitochondrial matrix where it is combined with APT synthase to produce ATP

34
Q

** Order of where electron travel through in electron transport chain

A

Complex 1 —> II —> CoQ10 —> III —> Cytochrome C —> IV

35
Q

** ATP SYNTHASE

A

Protein located in inner membrane (phospholipid bilayer) that moved H+ BACK INTO matrix

The energy of H+ movement produces ATP

36
Q

** Iron and complexes of electron transport chain

A

Many are IRON DEPENDENT

37
Q

** 4 important minerals and 1 vitamin required for complex I, II, III, IV to function

A

Minerals = Magnesium, Iron, Sulfur, Copper

Vitamin = K

38
Q

**Mevalonate (what is? Why important)

A

Substance use to synthesize CHOLESTEROL; substance that is blocked by statins and THEREFORE CoQ10 can’t be made

39
Q

** MnSOD is cell’s primary defense against???????

A

Free radical mediated damage

40
Q

To synthesize CoQ10, the ring requires??

41
Q

** What 3 things required to synthesize SAMe?

A
  1. Methionine
  2. ATP
  3. Magnesium
42
Q

** HMG- CoA reductase important for what?

A

CHOLESTEROL PRODUCTION (&& CoQ10)

43
Q

MnSOD (Manganese Superoxide Dismutase) important for????

A

Mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme (used to compact oxidative stress)

44
Q

** Oxygen free radicals can cause what type of damage?

A

Nitric oxide radical

Lipid peroxidation that makes mitochondrial membrane PERMEABLE

Then can have damage to mitochondrial DNA

45
Q

** MnSOD v CuZnSOD ( antioxidant enzymes) — difference in their location (hint M for ??)

A

MnSOD = M for MITOCHONDRIA

CuZnSOD = C for CYTOPLASM

46
Q

**T/F Glutathione is a tri-peptide ?

A

T; Gly-Cys-Glu

47
Q

** Glutathione does what to hydrogen peroxide?

A

BREAKS IT DOWN(DETOX) into water and oxygen

48
Q
  • Glutathione needs what 3 things to stay in healthy state?
A
  1. Selenium
  2. Riboflavin
  3. Niacin
49
Q

** Magnesium and ATP synthase

A

ATP synthase REQUIRES MG to function (to pull H+) through to matrix and create ATP

50
Q

** Vitamin E and C relationship (vitamin C XXX vitamin E)

A

Vitamin C RECYCLES vitamin E

51
Q

**T/F vitamin E is the most important lipid soluble antioxidant and quenches free radicals in cell membrane?

52
Q

** Magnesium is a cofactors for X # of reactions in the body?

53
Q

** Magnesium does what to calcium entering the cell?

A

Regulates amount of Ca entering cell; without enough Mg, TOO MUCH Ca can rush in

54
Q

** What happens when too much Ca rushes into cell?

A
  1. HYPERTENSION (increases smooth muscle contraction)
  2. ADHD (increases neural excitability)
  3. ALLERGIES (increases histamine)
  4. ELEVATED BLOOD SUGAR (increases glycolysis to provide energy to muscles that are contracted because of ca)
55
Q

** Complex I & II require what mineral?

56
Q

*** THE COMPLETE OXIDATION OF 1 GLUCOSE YIELDS XX ATPS

57
Q

** Proton (H+)gradient provides ??? For ATP synthase?

A

ENERGY (H+ create energy gradient(potential energy)) between matrix and inter membrane space of mitochondria

58
Q

4 products of complete glucose oxidation (PRE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN)

A

(6) CO2
(4) ATP
(10) NADH
(2) FADH2

59
Q

** How many ATP produced anaerobic v aerobic conditions

A

ANAEROBIC = 2

AEROBIC = 32

60
Q

** Important products of Pentose Phosphate pathways (hint DNA, electron transporter)

A

Nucleic acids (needed for DNA and RNA)

NADPH!

61
Q

** Where does gluconeogenesis primarily take place?

62
Q

** 3 regulatory spots of glycolysis/gluconeogeneiss

A
  1. GLUCOSE—> GLUCOSE-6
  2. FRUCTOSE-6 —> FRUCTOSE 1-6 BISPHOSPHATE
  3. PHOSPHOENOL —> PYRUVATE (OXALOACETATE FOR gluconeogenesis)
63
Q

** 3 non-carb sources that can be used in gluconeogenesis

A
  • amino acids
  • GLYCEROL
  • lactate
64
Q

** How to does cortisol influence GENE EXPRESSION (hint glucose)

A

Increases expression of GENES that encode for enzymes the are apart of glycogen synthesis/gluconeogenesis

65
Q

** When blood glucose levels are high, what hormone is released? Hormonal pathways activated?

A

INSULIN, Insulin pathways regarding carbohydrate metabolism

66
Q

** GLUT4 (glucose transporter 4) transports glucose into?

A

ADIPOSE TISSUE AND MUSCLE

67
Q

** What hormone is GLUT4 stimulated by? Where part of cell does X move glucose into?

A

INSULIN

Insulin moves glucose into cell membrane

VITAMINS & MINERALS (9 decks)

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