MODULE 1: Week 4 Mitochondrial Dysfunction/Electron Transport Chain Flashcards by sara gibbons

**What happens to mitochondria if it experiences oxidative damage (hint what happens to membrane?)

Membrane becomes LEAKY and hydrogens leak out and damage the cell (because hydrogens are acidic!)

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Are hydrogens acidic or alkaline?

Acidic

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**Organ systems affected by mitochondrial dysfunction

* Basically all 
Heart 
Eye 
Musculoskeletal 
Pancreas 
Blood 
Brain

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** Only cells without mitochondria (hint blood)

Red blood cells

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** Each cell has how many mitochondria ?

2500!!!

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** Cells with HIGHEST number of mitochondria per cell

MUSCLE: Heart and skeletal

NERVOUS SYSTEM: Brain, CNS, PNS, ANS

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** Do we get all our mitochondria from our mother or father?

MOTHER

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** T/F On a normal day we use and synthesize our body weight in ATP

True!

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** Organelle that makes ATP

MITOCHONDRIA

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**Kreb cycle and electron transport take place in what organelle?

Mitochondria

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** Anaerobic cellular respiration takes place ?

Cytoplasm

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** Aerobic cellular respiration (Kreb & electron transport) take place?

Mitochondria

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** Anaerobic cellular respiration breaks down X to X

glucose to pyruvate

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** Without oxygen, what happens to PYRUVATE??

Can’t get into mitochondria so gets converted to LACTATE/lactic acid

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**What to B vitamins do you need to form NAD and FADH? (Hint N for?? F for ??)

N for NIACIN

F for FLAVIN/RIBOFLAVIN

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** Glucose —> pyruvate —> acetyl CoA requires which 4 B vitamins?

B1, B2, B3 & B5 (pantothenic acid)

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** B1 B2 B3 rhymes with XXX?

ENERGY (B vitamins needed for GLYCOLYSIS)

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Triglycerides —> fatty acids —> mitochondria via WHAT AMINO ACID? —> acety CoA

Carnitine

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** What B vitamin is needed for transamination ?

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** Caritine also known as tri…..?

Tri-methyl-lysine

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** 4 things needed to make CARNITINE

SAMe (Mg, ATP, Methionine)
Vitamin C, Fe
B6
NADH

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SAMe is made from what 3 things?

Me = methionine

ATP

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** Obese vegetarians and methionine ?

Methionine inhibited when eat a lot fo grains/legumes

Without methionine can’t make CARNITINE (and then can’t properly metabolize fat)

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** B3 is?

NIACIN

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** KREB CYCLE: Our Cousin Ciselia Is OverSexed And Keeps Six hundred Sixty Five Men

O = Oxaloacetate C= Citrate Cis = Cisaconitate etc.

** In Kreb cycle organic acids are ???

OXIDIZED

** What is produced from Kreb cycle (4 different)

- 2 CO2 - 3 NADH - 1 FAD - 2 ATP

** NAD is derived from B what? (Hint how many produced during Krebs cycle)

** FAD is derived from ??

** B1 is

THIAMINE

** Components of electron transport chain ***

1. 4 complexes

*** what moves electrons through electron transport chain

NADH and FAD (reduced nucleotides)

** What happens with hydrogen in the electron transport chain?

Hydrogen is pumped into mitochondrial matrix where it is combined with APT synthase to produce ATP

** Order of where electron travel through in electron transport chain

Complex 1 —> II —> CoQ10 —> III —> Cytochrome C —> IV

** ATP SYNTHASE

Protein located in inner membrane (phospholipid bilayer) that moved H+ BACK INTO matrix The energy of H+ movement produces ATP

** Iron and complexes of electron transport chain

Many are IRON DEPENDENT

** 4 important minerals and 1 vitamin required for complex I, II, III, IV to function

Minerals = Magnesium, Iron, Sulfur, Copper Vitamin = K

**Mevalonate (what is? Why important)

Substance use to synthesize CHOLESTEROL; substance that is blocked by statins and THEREFORE CoQ10 can’t be made

** MnSOD is cell’s primary defense against???????

Free radical mediated damage

To synthesize CoQ10, the ring requires??

SAMe

** What 3 things required to synthesize SAMe?

1. Methionine 2. ATP 3. Magnesium

** HMG- CoA reductase important for what?

CHOLESTEROL PRODUCTION (&& CoQ10)

MnSOD (Manganese Superoxide Dismutase) important for????

Mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme (used to compact oxidative stress)

** Oxygen free radicals can cause what type of damage?

Nitric oxide radical Lipid peroxidation that makes mitochondrial membrane PERMEABLE Then can have damage to mitochondrial DNA

** MnSOD v CuZnSOD ( antioxidant enzymes) — difference in their location (hint M for ??)

MnSOD = M for MITOCHONDRIA CuZnSOD = C for CYTOPLASM

**T/F Glutathione is a tri-peptide ?

T; Gly-Cys-Glu

** Glutathione does what to hydrogen peroxide?

BREAKS IT DOWN(DETOX) into water and oxygen

* Glutathione needs what 3 things to stay in healthy state?

1. Selenium 2. Riboflavin 3. Niacin

** Magnesium and ATP synthase

ATP synthase REQUIRES MG to function (to pull H+) through to matrix and create ATP

** Vitamin E and C relationship (vitamin C XXX vitamin E)

Vitamin C RECYCLES vitamin E

**T/F vitamin E is the most important lipid soluble antioxidant and quenches free radicals in cell membrane?

** Magnesium is a cofactors for X # of reactions in the body?

300!

** Magnesium does what to calcium entering the cell?

Regulates amount of Ca entering cell; without enough Mg, TOO MUCH Ca can rush in

** What happens when too much Ca rushes into cell?

1. HYPERTENSION (increases smooth muscle contraction) 2. ADHD (increases neural excitability) 3. ALLERGIES (increases histamine) 4. ELEVATED BLOOD SUGAR (increases glycolysis to provide energy to muscles that are contracted because of ca)

** Complex I & II require what mineral?

IRON

*** THE COMPLETE OXIDATION OF 1 GLUCOSE YIELDS XX ATPS

30-32

** Proton (H+)gradient provides ??? For ATP synthase?

ENERGY (H+ create energy gradient(potential energy)) between matrix and inter membrane space of mitochondria

4 products of complete glucose oxidation (PRE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN)

(6) CO2 (4) ATP (10) NADH (2) FADH2

** How many ATP produced anaerobic v aerobic conditions

ANAEROBIC = 2 AEROBIC = 32

** Important products of Pentose Phosphate pathways (hint DNA, electron transporter)

Nucleic acids (needed for DNA and RNA) NADPH!

** Where does gluconeogenesis primarily take place?

LIVER

** 3 regulatory spots of glycolysis/gluconeogeneiss

1. GLUCOSE—> GLUCOSE-6 2. FRUCTOSE-6 —> FRUCTOSE 1-6 BISPHOSPHATE 3. PHOSPHOENOL —> PYRUVATE (OXALOACETATE FOR gluconeogenesis)

** 3 non-carb sources that can be used in gluconeogenesis

- amino acids - GLYCEROL - lactate

** How to does cortisol influence GENE EXPRESSION (hint glucose)

Increases expression of GENES that encode for enzymes the are apart of glycogen synthesis/gluconeogenesis

** When blood glucose levels are high, what hormone is released? Hormonal pathways activated?

INSULIN, Insulin pathways regarding carbohydrate metabolism

** GLUT4 (glucose transporter 4) transports glucose into?

ADIPOSE TISSUE AND MUSCLE

** What hormone is GLUT4 stimulated by? Where part of cell does X move glucose into?

INSULIN Insulin moves glucose into cell membrane