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VITAMINS & MINERALS > MODULE 1 Week 2: Vitamin E > Flashcards

MODULE 1 Week 2: Vitamin E Flashcards

1
Q

** Does vitamin E have antioxidant function?

A

Yes

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2
Q

** Are polyunsaturated fats susceptible to oxidation?

A

Yes

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3
Q

** Vitamin E and CNS (vitamin helps prevent??)

A

Vitamin E important for brain/CNS health because it acts as a antioxidant and prevents excessive (lipid) oxidation

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4
Q

Tocopherols v Tocotrienols (what is structural difference?)

A

Tocopherol = have SATURATED side chains (16 carbons)

Tocotrienols = have UNSATURATED side chains (16 carbons)

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5
Q

** Cerebellum & vitamin E (deficiency)

A

Vitamin E def associated with cerebellar ataxia, which presents as BALANCE ISSUES/COORDINATION

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6
Q

** Vitamin E Deficiency presents as:

A
  • Balance/coordination issues
  • Reduced MYELINATION (decreased neuromuscular coordination)
  • Reduced fertility
  • Memory loss/declined cognitive function (because exposes neurons to free-radial damage)
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7
Q

** Vitamin E and Alzheimer’s

A

Effective in reducing neurocognitive decline (because protects neurons from free-radical damage/oxidation)

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8
Q

** Celiac and chrons and lipid-soluble vitamin absorption

A

Chronic digestive impairment via these conditions reduces the capacity for absorption of these vitamins

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9
Q

** Food rich in Vitamin E

A
  • nuts
  • seeds
  • whole grains
  • vegetable oils (corn/soybean)
    • leafy green vegetables
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10
Q

** Predominant form of Vitamin E found in the blood and tissues

A

Alpha tocopherol

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11
Q

** Where is Vitamin E stored in the body (mostly)?

A

Adipose tissue

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12
Q

** Tocotrienol v tocopherol & digestion

A

Tocopherol from food does NOT require any digestion prior to absorption

Tocotrienol DOES require digestion (bile salts)

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13
Q

** Preference for alpha-tocopherol because?

A

Because of the specific transfer PROTEIN it is bound to

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14
Q

** Alpha or beta tocopherol in VLDL (recirculated by the liver)

A

Alpha

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15
Q

** Principal function of Vitamin E

A

Lipid-soluble antioxidant! (Prevents lipid peroxidation)

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16
Q

** Lipid peroxidation

A

Oxidative degeneration of lipids (free radicals “steal” electrons from the lipids in cell membranes, resulting in cell/membrane damage)

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17
Q

** How does vitamin protect membranes/membrane integrity?

A

Vit E acts as an ANTIOXIDANT by preventing free-radical oxidative activity that causes damage to the membrane

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18
Q

** Free radical/antioxidant, machine gun/bullet proof vest

A

Free radicals (like a machine gun shooting and damaging cells/tissues etc.)

Antioxidants (like a bullet proof vest preventing that damage)

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19
Q

** Vitamin C and glutathione

A

Taking vitamin C helps to recycle glutathione (master antioxidant)

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20
Q

** Most effective form of Vitamin E (as an antioxidant); what about structure allows for this?

A

Alpha tocopherol; OH group attached to phenol ring with stabilizing electrons basis for antioxidant activity

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21
Q

** Vitamin E prevents lipid peroxidation by?

A

Termination free radicals, “quenching” reactive O2

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22
Q

** Non-antioxidant functions of Vitamin E

A
  • cell signaling
  • Gene expression
  • Neuroprotective, anti carcinogenic, reduce cholesterol (TOCOTRIENOLS)
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23
Q

** Recent study on Vitamin E + fish oil and menstrual pain (findings)

A

Found synergistic effect of Vitamin E and fish oils (EPA/DHA) on reducing dysmenorrhea (significantly)

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24
Q

** Supplements to help with estrogen dominance

A
  • Progesterone
  • DIM
  • Calcium D-glucarate
25
Q

** Vitamin E and reproductive functions

A

Deficiency of vit E interferes with proper fertility/productive function

26
Q

** 2 main components of brain/neurons (fat type substances)

A
  • cholesterol

- polyunsaturated fats

27
Q

** Ataxia

A

Abnormal and uncoordinated physical movements

28
Q

Bariatric surgery and nutrient absorption

A

Altering anatomy with this surgery tends to results in vitamin and mineral deficiencies (because remove organs/mechanisms body needs for proper absorption)

29
Q

** Vitamin E encompasses X compounds (vitamers)?

A

8

30
Q

Synthetic forms of alpha-tocopherol designated with what 2 letters?

A

DL

31
Q

Vitamin E is primarily absorbed where?

A

Jejunum

32
Q

** Absorption range of vitamin E

A

20-70%

33
Q

** Why is there a tolerable upper limit to vitamin A (hint absorption)

A

Higher intake associated with REDUCED ABSORPTION

34
Q

** How does vitamin E play a role in glucose/metabolic control? (Related to diabetes)

A

Vitamin E ENHANCES cellular glucose uptake, which is important for diabetes

35
Q

** Vitamin E RDA, smoking, intense exercise connection

A

Both smoking and intense exercise created a lot fo OXIDATIVE STRESS so vit E could protect against that (due to antioxidant abilities)

  • QUENCHES lipid peroxidation

RDA MIGHT BE HIGHER FOR THESE PEOPLE

36
Q

** Which tocopherol provides the most vitamin E activity in the US food supply?

A

GAMmA

37
Q

** What portions of plants provide tocopherols other an alpha?

A

everything EXCEPT the leaves

38
Q
  • Will people following a low-fat diet be high or low in vitamin E?
A

LOW

39
Q

** A deficiency of alphaTTP (what is?) by what? Leads to vitamin E deficiency (genetic deficiency associated with vit E/what tocopherol?)

A

Genetic deficiency of ALPHA TOCOPHEROL/ a-tocopherol TRANSFER PROTEIN leads to vit E deficiency

40
Q

** Which lipoproteins carry most of vitamin E in the blood?

A

LDLs and HDLs

41
Q
  • T/F vitamin E is primarily incorporated in the plasma, mitochondrial, and microsomal membranes?
A

T

42
Q

** Other than adipose, where is Vit E also stored?

A

Liver
Plasma
Brain
Skeletal muscle etc.

43
Q

** The mechanism by which vitamin E protects the membrane from destruction is….? (Hint peroxidation)

A

Prevents peroxidation of unsaturated acids in the phospholipids of the membranes

44
Q

** Why are erythrocytes (RBC) membranes particularly vulnerable to oxidation? (Hint O2, fatty acids)

A
  • they are high in fatty acids (easily oxidized)

- often come in contact with oxygen

45
Q

** Is singlet oxygen a reactive or non-reactive compound?

A

HIGHLY reactive

46
Q

** “quenching” + Vit E

A

Process by which electronically excited molecules (LIKE SINGLET OXYGEN) are inactived (by vitamin E)

47
Q
  • Most effective tocopherol in “quenching”
A

Alpha

48
Q

*** Vitamin E & heart disease (hint LDLs)

A

Vitamin can PREVENT oxidation of LDLS

Oxidized LDLs are what cause FOAM cells to form

Foam cells can break off an cause CLOTS

49
Q

** Alpha tocopherol and atherosclerosis (hint platelets & inflammation)

A

Vitamin E can prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION & ADHESION that contributes to atherosclerosis

AND prevents inflammatory response that causes arterial tissue damage

50
Q

** Vitamin E and prostate cancer

A

Vitamin E thought to INCREASE RISK of prostate cancer

51
Q

** Alpha-tocopherol and cholesterol

A

Vit E/alpha-tocopherol involved in CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS

52
Q

** Tocotrienols and cholesterol

A

Exhibit cholesterol lowering abilities

53
Q

** Vitamin E and selenium

A

Vitamin E function dependent on SELENIUM DEPENDENT glutathione

54
Q

** Is there a tolerable upper limit to vitamin E and why?

A
  1. Yes because high levels can inhibit absorption

2. High levels can IMPAIR BLEEDING/COAGULATION

55
Q

** Vitamin E and vitamin K (conversion??)

A

Vitamin E impairs Vit K absorption

Inhibits conversion of phylloquinone to menaquinone

56
Q

** Vitamin E and beta carotene

A

Vitamin E INHIBITS beta carotene absorption in the intestines

57
Q

** Symptoms of vitamin E deficiency

A
  • Hemolytic anemia (because RBCs become fragile because membrane is impacted)
  • Ataxia
  • Peripheral neuropathy
  • Weakness
58
Q

**Gamma tocopherol and US diet

A

** Gamma tocopherol is MAIN form of vitamin E in US/Standard American diet

VITAMINS & MINERALS (9 decks)

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