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VITAMINS & MINERALS > MODULE 1 Week 1: Digestive System > Flashcards

MODULE 1 Week 1: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

The majority of digestion takes place?

A

Small intestine

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2
Q

Final B12 absorption location (organ)?

A

Ileum

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3
Q

**Accessory organs of digestion

A

Liver, pancreas, gallbladder

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4
Q

Pancreas is responsible for digestion what percent of fat, carbs, and protein?

A

50% protein
50% carbs
90% fat

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5
Q

PH of the stomach

A

2.3

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6
Q

PH of duodenum

A

8 (basic)

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7
Q

6 basic processes involved in digestion

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Secretion
  3. Mixing
  4. Digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
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8
Q

GALT

A

Gastric associated lymphatic tissue

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9
Q

Organs of upper v lower digestive tract

A 
Upper = Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach 
Lower = Small and Large intestines
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10
Q

4 layers of GI tract

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis external
  4. Serosa (adventitia)
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11
Q

What organelle produces cholesterol

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

Where is bile made versus stored

A

Bile made in liver; stored in gallbladder

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13
Q

Exocrine function of pancreas (what does it release)

A
  • pancreatic lipase
  • sodium bicarbonate
  • pancreatic carbohydrase
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14
Q

3 layers of mucosa

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Laminate propria
  3. Muscularis mucosae
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15
Q

MALT is?

A

Mucosal associated lymphatic tissue; need it because invited foreign protein (from the outside world) into the internal system

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16
Q

Inner most layer of 4 layers of GI tissue

A

Mucosa

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17
Q

5 R Program to regenerate the gut

A
  1. Remove irritant
  2. Replace with digestive enzymes
  3. Reinoculate with probiotics
  4. Repair (glutamine etc)
  5. Rebalance
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18
Q

Exocrine v Endocrine (what and where to do they secrete?)

A

Exocrine = secrete enzymes and juices into epithelium

Endocrine = secrete various hormones into the blood

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19
Q

What layer of mucosa contains lymphoid tissue? What WBC types are in high numbers there?

A

Lamina propria; macrophages & lymphocytes

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20
Q

Meissner’s plexus is located? Controls?

A

Located: In submucosa

Controls: secretions of mucosal glands & regulates mucosal movements and blood flow

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21
Q

Visceral peritoneum versus parietal peritoneum

A

Visceral = Surrounds stomach and intestines

Parietal = lines the entire cavity

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22
Q

Front teeth v back teeth & color

A

Front teeth for meat/higher pH foods and back teeth for colorful/higher pH foods (fruit & veggies)

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23
Q

Sweet, sour, salty controlled by cranial nerve ?

A

7

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24
Q

Bitter taste controlled by cranial nerve X ?

A

9

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25
Q

3 main salivary glands

A

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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26
Q

Parotid gland secretes?

A

Water, electrolytes (Na, K, Cl), and enzymes

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27
Q

Submandibular & Sublingual glands secrete X?

A

Same as parotid PLUS MUCUS

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28
Q

Saliva is X% water

A

99.5

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29
Q

**Primary enzyme in saliva is ? This enzyme hydrolyzes what bonds in starch?

A

Enzyme = amylase

Hydrolyzes alpha 1-4 bonds in starch

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30
Q

% of water that should be inside versus outside of the cell

A

Inside = 60

Outside = 40

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31
Q

Lingual lipase produced by? Hydrolyzes?

A

Produced by lingual serous glands; hydrolyzes triglycerides

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32
Q

IgG A found in saliva?

A

True

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33
Q

T.I.M.E muscles (mechanical digestion in the mouth)

A 
T = Temporalis 
I = Internal pterygoid 
M= masteter 
E = External pterygoid
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34
Q

Cranial nerve involved with T.I.M.E. Muscles

A

5

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35
Q

Esophagus

  • length
  • main function
A

10 inches

- Passage of bolus of food from oral cavity to stomach

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36
Q

Peristalsis

A

Progressive wavelike motion that moves bolus into the stomach

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37
Q

What increases risk of developing GERD

A
  • smoking
  • high fat diets
  • chocolate
  • alcohol
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38
Q

Rugae of mucosa

A

Ruffled borders on the inside of the stomach which helps to break down food and allow for expansion of the stomach

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39
Q

**Stomach range when EMPTY

A

50mL (2 oz)

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40
Q

**Stomach range when FULL

A

1.5L (37-52oz)

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41
Q

Cardiac, oxyntic, and pyloric glands produce?

A

Gastric juice

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42
Q

Chyme is located?

A

Stomach

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43
Q

3 main functions of HCL in stomach

A
  1. Kill bacteria
  2. Break down protein ! (Denatures tertiary and secondary structures)
  3. Convert pepsinogen —> pepsin
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44
Q

What cells are located in the gastric pits (4)

A
  1. Mucous (neck) cells
  2. Parietal cells
  3. Chief cells
  4. Gastric (G) cells
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45
Q

Mucous (neck) cells secrete X?

A

Secrete bicarbonate and mucous

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46
Q

Parietal (oxyntic cells) secrete X?

A

HCL & Intrinsic factor

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47
Q

Chief cells secrete X?

A

Pepsinogens

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48
Q

Enteroendocrine cells secrete X?

A

Variety of hormones

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49
Q

What do antacids do to stomach pH & how does that effect protein?

A

Antacids RAISE stomach pH & without ACIDIC environment, protein can not be broken down and absorbed

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50
Q

Low pH is (#s on pH scale)?

A

0 - 6.9999

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51
Q

High (basic) pH in stomach (#s)?

A

8 +

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52
Q

Pepsid is what type of acid-reducing agent ?

A

H2 blocker ; blocks H2/histamine from reaching parietal cell (in order to secrete H to form HCL)

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53
Q

What type of acid-reducing agent is Nexium?

A

PPI; blocks H+ ions from being secreted by the parietal cells (in order to form HCL)

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54
Q

Function of pepsin

A

Primary digestive enzyme to break down proteins

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55
Q

What do you need to convert pepsinogen (inactive) to pepsin (active) ?

A

Parietal cell to produce HCL and HCL does the conversion

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56
Q

Why do you need mucous in the stomach?

A

In order to protect the stomach tissue from digesting itself (because of acidic environment)

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57
Q

Components of gastric juice

A
  • HCL
  • Alpha amylase
  • Gastric lipase
  • Mucous
  • Intrinsic factor
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58
Q

G cells secrete X?

A

Gastrin (hormone)

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59
Q

PH of stomach

A

2

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60
Q

Optimal pepsin activity occurs at what pH?

A

3.5

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61
Q

Alpha amylase function

A

Hydrolyzes starch and in the mouth and stomach until it is inactivated by low pH of stomach

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62
Q

Gastric lipase function

A

Hydrolyzes SCT (short chain triglycerides) and MCT and up to 20% of lipid digestion

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63
Q

Mucous (in stomach) is stimulated by what 2 things?

A
  • prostaglandins

- nitric oxide

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64
Q

Bombesin stimulates ?

A
  • Gastrin Releasing Peptide

- stimulates gastrin and HCL release

65
Q

** Gastric Acid/juice stimulation process

A
  1. Bombesin stimulates gastrin and HCL release
  2. Gastrin (from G cells) acts on parietal cells to release HCL & acts on chief cells to stimulate pepsinogen
  3. Gastrin stimulates gastric motility and cellular growth of stomach
66
Q

Gastrin release occurs in response to???

A
  • Vagal nerve stimulation
  • HCL
  • epinephrine
  • amino acids
  • alcohol
  • coffee
  • calcium
67
Q

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

A

Tumor causes copious amounts of gastrin to dump into blood

68
Q

3 mediators of HCL by parietal cells

A
  1. Gastrin
  2. ACH (acytlcholine)
  3. Histamine
69
Q

Vitamin C and mast cell activation

A

Vitamin C down regulates mast cell activity

70
Q

Most common cause of peptic ulcers

A
  • H. Pylori
  • Aspirin
  • NSAIDs
71
Q

Endocrine function of pancreas

A
  • Insulin

- Glucagon

72
Q

Acinar cells of pancreas: function

A

Exocrine function; produce DIGESTIVE ENZYMES that contain Na, K, Cl, Ca

73
Q

Proteolytic enzymes

A
  • Trypsinogen
  • Chymotrypsinogen
  • Proelastase
  • Collagenase
74
Q

Amylases break down X?

A

Carbohydrates

75
Q

Lactase breaks down

A

Lactose (disaccharide) into glucose/galactose

76
Q

Fiber and toxins

A

Fiber is like the sponge that pulls out cholesterol/toxins or else they are reabsorbed

77
Q

What is bile? What makes bile?

A

Bile is an substance that emulsifiers fat once it enters the duodenum/small intestine

Made in LIVER

78
Q

Bile salts are synthesized where? From what?

A

Synthesized FROM cholesterol, amino acids and synthesized IN the liver

79
Q

CCK secreted by?

A

Enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum

80
Q

2 primary bile acids

A
  1. Cholic acid

2. Chenodeoxycholic acid

81
Q

20% of bile acids made from?

A

Bacterial action on Chenodeoxycholic and lithocholic acid and cholic to form deoxycholic acid

82
Q

Bilirubin and biliverdin are waste end products of X?

A

Hemoglobin

83
Q

Total bile pool in human body (in grams)?

84
Q

What percentage of bile (acids and salts) is reabsorbed by the ileum?

85
Q

** Circulation of bile

A
  1. Liver
  2. Gall bladder
  3. Small intestine
  4. Ileum (reabsorbed)
  5. Hepatic portal vein
  6. Liver (resynthesized)
86
Q

Bile is transported from portal vein to liver via what transport protein?

87
Q

Hepatic portal vein transports all nutrients except?

A

Fat-soluble nutrients/vitamins

88
Q

What are/importance of plicae circulares

A

Small, circular folds in the small intestine that allows for chyme to move through more surface areas in order to be fully digested

89
Q

What is the brush border? What happens there?

A

Brush border is the layer of microvilli located at the surface of the epithelium of the small intestine.

The brush border is where all the digestive enzymes work/function. Where the absorption takes place!

90
Q

Where does the Kreb Cycle take place?

A

The mitochondria (matrix)

91
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

92
Q

Hormones involved in satiety and hormone suppression

A
  • Ghrelin
  • Insulin
  • Leptin
  • CCK
    GLP-1
  • Adiponectin
93
Q

M Cells

A
  • APC (antigen presenting cells)

- Transport antigens to MALT (to mount an immune response)

94
Q

Active v passive transport

A

Active = requires ATP/energy

Passive = Does not require energy (osmosis)

95
Q

Function of Secretin

A

Inhibits gastric gland secretion and gastric motility during gastric phase of secretion

96
Q

Are anaerobes or aerobes in higher amounts in the long intestine/colon/ileum?

97
Q

What test is used to confirm lactose intolerance?

A

Hydrogen breath test; hydrogen gas (produced by bacteria) is measured after individual consumes lactose

Presence of gas confirms intolerance

98
Q

What populations have highest incidence of lactose intolerance?

A
  • African Americans
  • American Indians
  • Asians
99
Q

3 main short chain fatty acids

A
  1. Acetic acid
  2. Butyric acid
  3. Propionic acid
100
Q

4 regulatory peptides

A
  1. Gastrin
  2. CCK
  3. Secretin
  4. Motilin
101
Q

Regulatory peptides are?

A

A group of GI tract molecules that influence digestion and absorption

  • motility
  • absorption
  • cell growth
  • secretion of digestion enzymes, hormones, electrolytes
102
Q

Enteroendocrine S cells secrete? in response to? Function of this secretion?

A

S cells secrete SECRETIN in response to the release of acidic chyme into the duodenum

SECRETIN acts on acinar cells to release pancreatic enzymes

103
Q

6 classes of nutrients the body needs

A

Carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water

104
Q

Exocrine v endocrine cells of the mucosa do what?

A

Exocrine: secrete enzymes and juices into the men of the GI tract

Endocrine: secrete hormones into the blood

105
Q

Laminate propria contains what 2 types of tissues?

A
  • connective

- LYMPHOID

106
Q

The Meissner plexus is in what layer (tunic) of the digestive tract?

107
Q

Meissner v Myenteric plexus (role)

A

Meissner = controls secretions and local blood flow

Myenteric = controls motility/contractions of GI tract

108
Q

Types of cells coated within MALT/GALT

A
  • B & T cells
  • Natural killer
  • macrophages
  • Dendritic
  • Plasma
109
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

Aggregates of lymphoid tissue within MALT/GALT

110
Q

Zymogens

A
  • proenzymes (inactive enzymes)
111
Q

** Components of saliva (4 main categories)

A

99.5% water
Proteins (mucus, enzymes etc.)
Electrolytes (K, Na, Cl)
Solutes

112
Q

What does bicarbonate in saliva do?

A

Neutralizes acids in foods and acid produced by bacteria in oral cavity

113
Q

Bolus

A

Food mixed with saliva (that enters the esophagus)

114
Q

Peristalsis

A

Progressive, wave-like motion that moves the bolus through the esophagus into the stomach

115
Q

What keeps the gastroesophogeal sphincter closed? (Hint “pressure”)

A

The pressure within the esophagus is higher than the stomach

116
Q

4 main regions of the stomach

A
  1. Cardia (top)
  2. Fundus
  3. Body (central region)
  4. Antrum/pyloric portion
117
Q

Chyme

A

A think, semi-liquid mass of partially digested food (what travel from stomach to duodenum)

118
Q

** Main constituent of gastric juice

A 
Water 
Electrolytes 
HCL 
Mucus 
Intrinsic factor
119
Q

Pepsin (secreted by chief cells) is stimulated by?

A

Acetylcholine and/or acid

120
Q

Optimal pepsin activity occurs at what pH?

121
Q

What enzyme is responsible for 20% of lipid digestion?

A

Gastric lipase

122
Q

Mucins

A

Glycoproteins in mucous

123
Q

What 4 things stimulate release of mucous in the stomach?

A
  1. Prostaglandins
  2. Vagal nerve stimulation
  3. Acetylcholine
  4. Hormones
124
Q

** 3 main SCFAs

A
  1. Acetic acid
  2. Butyric acid
  3. Propionic acid
125
Q

** Function of butyric acid

A
  1. GI cell proliferation of the intentional epithelium

2. Regulates gene expression and cell growth

126
Q

Propionic and Lactic acid are absorbed by X??? Taken up by X???

A

Absorbed by the colon

Taken up (for use) by the liver

127
Q

Acetic acid is absorbed and used by X & Y?

A

Muscles & brain

128
Q

In additions to SCFAs, bacterial fermentation also generate what 2 vitamins?

A

K and Biotin

129
Q

Where does electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation) take place?

A

Mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane space

130
Q

** How much ATP is formed from a complete oxidation of 1 mole of glucose?

131
Q

What is the cori cycle? (Hint lactate)

A

Metabolic pathway in which LACTATE (produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles) moves to the liver and is converted to glucose

132
Q

** How much ATP is formed from anaerobic respiration?

133
Q

What is glucose-6-phosphate?

A

It is the first intermediate in glucose metabolism (glycolysis)

134
Q

** Glycemic load v glycemic index

A

LOAD = Measure that takes into account the AMOUNT fo carbohydrate in a portion of food with how QUICKLY it raised blood-glucose levels (glycemic index is multiplied by the amount of carbohydrate in the food)

INDEX = 1-100 scale that measures the blood-glucose raising potential of the food (how fast a carb is digested)

135
Q

** Insulin v Glucagon (target organs?)

A

Insulin = Released to prevent blood sugars from getting too high (guides glucose into cells from blood) * Target organs = Liver, muscle, adipose tissue

Glucagon = Released to prevent blood sugar from getting to LOW (triggers liver and muscle cells to change stored glucose (glycogen) back into glucose)
* Target organs = Liver

136
Q

** Gastrin stimulates what?

A
  1. Release of HCL and pepsin
  2. Release of histamine
  3. (Lesser extent) gastric motility and emptying
137
Q

** Function of SECRETIN (released by what?)

A

Released/secreted into blood by S cells

FUNCTION: Stimulates pancreas to release pancreatic juice (w/ bicarbonate)

138
Q

** Function of GHRELIN (released by what?)

A

Released by endocrine cells of the stomach

  • Acts of HYPOTHALAMUS to stimulate food intake
139
Q

** Function of LEPTIN (secreted by?)

A

Secreted by white adipose tissue

Function = suppresses food intake

140
Q

** Function fo BOMBESIN (Gastrin-releasing peptide)

A

Stimulates released of GASTRIN and pancreatic enzymes & cause contractions of the gallbladder (releasing bile)

141
Q

** what is xerophthalmia (vitamin deficiency associated?)

A

Abnormal dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye; vitamin A deficiency

142
Q

** What is myopia?

A

Nearsightedness

143
Q

** Pre v Probiotics

A

PRE: Specialized plant fibers that acts as food for good bacteria in the gut

PRO: Living strains of bacteria that add to the population of bacteria in your digestive system

144
Q

** What are the end products of cellular oxidation (of carbohydrates)?

A
  1. ATP
  2. Carbon dioxide
  3. Water
145
Q

** Is olive oil high in alpha or gamma-tocopherol?

146
Q

*** glycolysis v gluconeogenesis

A

Glycolysis = converting glucose to pyruvate & atp

Gluconeogenesis = synthesizing of NON CARB sources into glucose (to then enter glycolysis)

147
Q

** hormones involved in glycogenolysis (2)

A
  1. Glucagon

2. Epinephrine

148
Q

** Major sites of GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS

A

Liver and Skeletal muscles

149
Q

** Can muscle glycogen contribute to blood glucose levels?

150
Q

**Hormones that REGULATE glycogenolysis

A
  1. GLUCAGON

2. CATECHOLAMINES (epinephrine, norepinephrine)

151
Q

** Does glycogenolysis release glucose in the form of glucose-1-phosphate or glucose-6-phosphate

A

Glucose 1 (that is then converted to glucose 6)

152
Q

** What is cellular respiration?

A

Set of metabolic reactions (glycolysis, Kreb cycle, electron transport chain) that convert energy from food into ATP/ENERGY (and waste products)

153
Q

** T/F most of the energy derived from food is stored in the adipose tissue, muscle, and liver

154
Q

** Monosaccharides that can enter glycolysis

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose
155
Q

** In the ABSENCE OF OXYGEN, pyruvate is converted to XXX?

156
Q

** 90% of food energy comes from Kreb cycle and what ??

A

Electron transport chains (oxidative phosphorylation)

157
Q

** When is pyruvate converted to acetyl-CoA

A

BEFORE entering Kreb cycle, pyruvate is decarboxylated and then CoA is attached

158
Q

** Products of Kreb Cycle

A
  • 1 FADH2
  • 3 NADH
  • GTP (ATP)
  • 2 CO2

VITAMINS & MINERALS (9 decks)

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