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Hematology 2 > Module 1 Laboratory > Flashcards

Module 1 Laboratory Flashcards

1
Q

All of the following are obsolete tests except:
A. Bleeding time
B. Capillary fragility test
C. Blood clot retraction time

A

B

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2
Q

Capillary/tourniquet test is used for

A

dengue hemorrhagic fever

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3
Q

Process of cessation/stopping of bleeding

A

Hemostasis

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4
Q

Bleeding is stopped by

A

clot formation

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5
Q

Unwanted / excessive formation is prevented by

A

inhibitors

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6
Q

Key player in primary hemostasis

A

platelets

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7
Q

Key player in secondary hemostasis

A

coagulation proteins, at least 16

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8
Q

Product of primary and secondary formation

A

clot formation

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9
Q

If clot formation and clot dissolution is not balanced, this may cause

A

aneurysm (embolus)

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10
Q

It retards or stops a process or chemical reaction

A

inhibitors

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11
Q

A blood clot that obstructs a blood vessel

A

thrombus

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12
Q

A mass (clot) of blood or foreign matter carried in circulation

A

embolus

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13
Q

Process of forming a fibrin clot

A

coagulation

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14
Q

Enzymatic breakdown of blood clot

A

fibrinolysis

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15
Q

Under secondary hemostasis, produces stable fibrin clot

A

Coagulation cascade

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16
Q

What are the 3 pathways in coagulation cascade?

A

extrinsic
intrinsic
common pathway

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17
Q

Clot dissolution is also known as

A

fibrinolysis

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18
Q

Abnormal thickening and hardening of arterial walls, causing loss of elasticity and impaired blood circulation

A

Arteriosclerosis

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19
Q

A form of arteriosclerosis in which lipids, calcium, cholesterol and other substances deposit on the inner walls of the arteries

A

Atherosclerosis

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20
Q

2 major parts of physiologic hemostatic system

A

cellular component

plasma proteins

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21
Q

Enumerate cellular components

A

Platelets
ECs
Neutrophils
Monocytes

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22
Q

Group of plasma proteins which participates in

A 
Clot formation (coagulation)
Clot dissolution (fibrinolysis)
Naturally occurring serine protease inhibitions (anti-coagulation)
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23
Q

activation happens before

A

platelet adhesion

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24
Q

Has platelet adherence to nonplatelet surface (platelet to subendothelial) through VWF (glue)

A

platelet adhesion

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25
Q

Membrane receptor in platelet adhesion

A

GP1b/IX/V

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26
Q

found in endothelial tissue, Weibel-Palate.

A

VWF (von Willebrand factor)

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27
Q

VWD disease types

A

1,2,2n

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28
Q

If GP1B is defective/missing, there will be

A

BSS (Bernard soulier syndrome)

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29
Q

platelet to platelet bonding

A

Platelet aggregation

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30
Q

membrane receptor for Platelet aggregation

A

GP IIIa/IIb

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31
Q

Acts as glue during platelet aggregation

A

fibrin

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32
Q

If GP2B is defective/missing, what diease

A

Glanzmann Thrombasthenia

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33
Q

If fibrinogen is missing

A

Afibrinogenemia (absent)
Hypofibrinogenemia (decrease)
Dysfibrinogenemia (defective fibrinogen)

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34
Q
  • secretion of granules. Happens at late stages of platelet activation process.
A

Platelet secretion

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35
Q

If alpha granules are defective/missing

A

gray platelet syndrome (genetic defect)

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36
Q

If dense granules are defective/missing

A

May-Hegglin Anomaly

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37
Q

can also trigger activation in intrinsic factor

A

collagen

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38
Q

links platelet to subendothelial collagen

A

VWF

39
Q

promotes platelet adhesion

A

VWF

40
Q

It activates neighboring platelets

A

ADP

41
Q

Acts as vasoconstrictor

A

serotonin

42
Q

Enumerate those under alpha granules

A 
beta-thromboglobulin
factor V
factor XI
protein S
fibrinogen
VWF
Platelet factor 4
Platelet derived growth factor
43
Q

Enumerate those under dense granules

A

ATP
ADP
Calcium
Serotonin

44
Q

Absent GP IIb/IIIa platelet membrane receptor

A

Glanzmann thrombasthenia

45
Q

This test suggests the bleeding history

A

platelet count

46
Q

When there is bleeding history, this test is needed

A

platelet function test

47
Q

Reflects the platelet function

A

bleeding time

48
Q

an infrequently performed in vivo measurement of platelet adhesion and aggregation on locally injured vascular sub-endothelium

A

Bleeding time

49
Q

Provides an estimate of the integrity if the platelet plug

A

bleeding time

50
Q

Measure the interaction between the capillaries and platelets

A

bleeding time

51
Q

How many incisions are made in bleeding time

A

two incision

52
Q

Use of lancet to make a small, controlled puncture wound (earlobe or fingertip)

A

duke’s method

53
Q

Puncture site is blotted with filter paper every 30 seconds until the bleeding stops

A

duke’s method

54
Q

In duke’s method of bleeding time, puncture site is blotted every

A

30 seconds

55
Q

reference interval for duke’s method is

A

2-9 minutes

56
Q

A blood pressure cuff is inflate to 40mmHg

A

standardized/modified ivy method

57
Q

in modified ivy method, blood pressure cuff is inflated to

A

40mmHg

58
Q

A calibrated spring-loaded lancet was triggered on the volar surface of the forearm a few inches distal to the antecubital crease

A

standardize/modified ivy

59
Q

reference interval for standardize/modified ivy

A

2-9 minutes

60
Q

Capillary fragility test also known as

A

rumpel-leede

tourniquet

61
Q

defined as necessary requisites for diagnosis of dengue fever

A

capillary fragility test

62
Q

A blood pressure cuff is applied and inflated to a point between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure for 5 minutes

A

capillary fragility/tourniquet/rumpel-leede test

63
Q

positive result in capillary fragility test

A

10 or more petechiae per square inch

64
Q

positive result for dengue hemorrhagic fever in capillary fragility test

A

20 or more petechiae per square inch

65
Q

this test does not have high specificity

A

capillary fragility test

66
Q

Capillary fragility test is only ______ test

A

screening

67
Q

confirmatory test for dengue hemorrhagic fever

A

NS1Ag

68
Q

In tourniquet test, after maintaining the point midway for 5 minutes, you have to reduce and wait for how many more minutes

A

2 mins

69
Q

In tourniquet test, count petechiae in what area

A

below the antecubital fossa

70
Q

Degree of clot retraction is
A. inversely proportional to number of platelets and directly proportional to hct and fibrinogen level
B. directly proportional to number of platelets and inversely proportional to hct and fibrinogen level
C. equal to hct and fibrinogen level
D. slightly higher than number of platelets

A

B

71
Q

It evaluates how well platelets keep the clot adhered to the sides of specimen tube

A

clot retraction

72
Q

Clot retraction uses what specimen and what tube

A

whole blood in red top tube

73
Q

Clot retraction examine clot at _, _, _ and _ hours for clot retraction

A

1, 2, 4, 24 hours

74
Q

During clot retraction, clot starts to shrink at _____.

A

30 minutes

75
Q

After clot forms, remaing _ - _% consists of ____ and ____ will _____ from clot

A

40-60
serum and rbc
fall out

76
Q

In order for clot retraction test to be accurate, there should be

A

normal fibrinogen and hematocrit

77
Q

adherence of platelets to glass surface

A

platelet adhesion

78
Q

counting the number of platelets before and after exposure to glass beads

A

platelet adhesion

79
Q

not a reliable method

A

platelet adhesion

80
Q

platelet adhesiveness to glass beads, diagnosis of VWD

A

salzmann method

81
Q

Results in platelet adhesion

A

> 25% - normal (75), retain

<25% - abnormal/prolonged, retain

82
Q

Based on some variation of born method

A

platelet aggregation

83
Q

Platelet aggregation principle

A

PRP is treated with known aggregating agents

84
Q

This will indicate aggregation

A

cloudy or turbidity

85
Q

Cloudiness or turbidity can be measure by

A

spectrophotometer

86
Q

As aggregation proceeds in spectrophotometer what will happen

A

more light passes through the sample

87
Q

Enumerate aggregating agents

A 
ADP
Collagen
Epinephrine
Snake venom
Thrombin
Ristocetin
88
Q

Measures VwF

A

ristocetin cofactor assay

89
Q

mediated agglutination of platelets in the presence of antibiotic (ristocetin)

A

ristocetin cofactor assay

90
Q

Most commonly used assay for measurement of functional activity of VWF

A

ristocetin cofactor assay

91
Q

Introduced as an alternative procedure for RCo assay

A

Collagen-binding ELISA

92
Q

In collagen-binding ELISA, this servers as a marker of endothelial dysfunction

A

vWF-antigen

93
Q

Antibodies against platelet may appear in certain clinical conditions

A

Anti-platelet antibody assays

94
Q

Antibodies are difficult to demonstrate in case of immune thrombocytopenia

A

Ant-platelet antibody assays

Hematology 2 (8 decks)

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