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Hematology 2 > Module 1 Laboratory > Flashcards

Module 1 Laboratory Flashcards

1
Q

All of the following are obsolete tests except:
A. Bleeding time
B. Capillary fragility test
C. Blood clot retraction time

A

B

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2
Q

Capillary/tourniquet test is used for

A

dengue hemorrhagic fever

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3
Q

Process of cessation/stopping of bleeding

A

Hemostasis

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4
Q

Bleeding is stopped by

A

clot formation

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5
Q

Unwanted / excessive formation is prevented by

A

inhibitors

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6
Q

Key player in primary hemostasis

A

platelets

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7
Q

Key player in secondary hemostasis

A

coagulation proteins, at least 16

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8
Q

Product of primary and secondary formation

A

clot formation

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9
Q

If clot formation and clot dissolution is not balanced, this may cause

A

aneurysm (embolus)

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10
Q

It retards or stops a process or chemical reaction

A

inhibitors

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11
Q

A blood clot that obstructs a blood vessel

A

thrombus

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12
Q

A mass (clot) of blood or foreign matter carried in circulation

A

embolus

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13
Q

Process of forming a fibrin clot

A

coagulation

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14
Q

Enzymatic breakdown of blood clot

A

fibrinolysis

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15
Q

Under secondary hemostasis, produces stable fibrin clot

A

Coagulation cascade

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16
Q

What are the 3 pathways in coagulation cascade?

A

extrinsic
intrinsic
common pathway

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17
Q

Clot dissolution is also known as

A

fibrinolysis

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18
Q

Abnormal thickening and hardening of arterial walls, causing loss of elasticity and impaired blood circulation

A

Arteriosclerosis

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19
Q

A form of arteriosclerosis in which lipids, calcium, cholesterol and other substances deposit on the inner walls of the arteries

A

Atherosclerosis

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20
Q

2 major parts of physiologic hemostatic system

A

cellular component

plasma proteins

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21
Q

Enumerate cellular components

A

Platelets
ECs
Neutrophils
Monocytes

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22
Q

Group of plasma proteins which participates in

A 
Clot formation (coagulation)
Clot dissolution (fibrinolysis)
Naturally occurring serine protease inhibitions (anti-coagulation)
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23
Q

activation happens before

A

platelet adhesion

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24
Q

Has platelet adherence to nonplatelet surface (platelet to subendothelial) through VWF (glue)

A

platelet adhesion

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25
Membrane receptor in platelet adhesion
GP1b/IX/V
26
found in endothelial tissue, Weibel-Palate.
VWF (von Willebrand factor)
27
VWD disease types
1,2,2n
28
If GP1B is defective/missing, there will be
BSS (Bernard soulier syndrome)
29
platelet to platelet bonding
Platelet aggregation
30
membrane receptor for Platelet aggregation
GP IIIa/IIb
31
Acts as glue during platelet aggregation
fibrin
32
If GP2B is defective/missing, what diease
Glanzmann Thrombasthenia
33
If fibrinogen is missing
Afibrinogenemia (absent) Hypofibrinogenemia (decrease) Dysfibrinogenemia (defective fibrinogen)
34
- secretion of granules. Happens at late stages of platelet activation process.
Platelet secretion
35
If alpha granules are defective/missing
gray platelet syndrome (genetic defect)
36
If dense granules are defective/missing
May-Hegglin Anomaly
37
can also trigger activation in intrinsic factor
collagen
38
links platelet to subendothelial collagen
VWF
39
promotes platelet adhesion
VWF
40
It activates neighboring platelets
ADP
41
Acts as vasoconstrictor
serotonin
42
Enumerate those under alpha granules
``` beta-thromboglobulin factor V factor XI protein S fibrinogen VWF Platelet factor 4 Platelet derived growth factor ```
43
Enumerate those under dense granules
ATP ADP Calcium Serotonin
44
Absent GP IIb/IIIa platelet membrane receptor
Glanzmann thrombasthenia
45
This test suggests the bleeding history
platelet count
46
When there is bleeding history, this test is needed
platelet function test
47
Reflects the platelet function
bleeding time
48
an infrequently performed in vivo measurement of platelet adhesion and aggregation on locally injured vascular sub-endothelium
Bleeding time
49
Provides an estimate of the integrity if the platelet plug
bleeding time
50
Measure the interaction between the capillaries and platelets
bleeding time
51
How many incisions are made in bleeding time
two incision
52
Use of lancet to make a small, controlled puncture wound (earlobe or fingertip)
duke's method
53
Puncture site is blotted with filter paper every 30 seconds until the bleeding stops
duke's method
54
In duke's method of bleeding time, puncture site is blotted every
30 seconds
55
reference interval for duke's method is
2-9 minutes
56
A blood pressure cuff is inflate to 40mmHg
standardized/modified ivy method
57
in modified ivy method, blood pressure cuff is inflated to
40mmHg
58
A calibrated spring-loaded lancet was triggered on the volar surface of the forearm a few inches distal to the antecubital crease
standardize/modified ivy
59
reference interval for standardize/modified ivy
2-9 minutes
60
Capillary fragility test also known as
rumpel-leede | tourniquet
61
defined as necessary requisites for diagnosis of dengue fever
capillary fragility test
62
A blood pressure cuff is applied and inflated to a point between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure for 5 minutes
capillary fragility/tourniquet/rumpel-leede test
63
positive result in capillary fragility test
10 or more petechiae per square inch
64
positive result for dengue hemorrhagic fever in capillary fragility test
20 or more petechiae per square inch
65
this test does not have high specificity
capillary fragility test
66
Capillary fragility test is only ______ test
screening
67
confirmatory test for dengue hemorrhagic fever
NS1Ag
68
In tourniquet test, after maintaining the point midway for 5 minutes, you have to reduce and wait for how many more minutes
2 mins
69
In tourniquet test, count petechiae in what area
below the antecubital fossa
70
Degree of clot retraction is A. inversely proportional to number of platelets and directly proportional to hct and fibrinogen level B. directly proportional to number of platelets and inversely proportional to hct and fibrinogen level C. equal to hct and fibrinogen level D. slightly higher than number of platelets
B
71
It evaluates how well platelets keep the clot adhered to the sides of specimen tube
clot retraction
72
Clot retraction uses what specimen and what tube
whole blood in red top tube
73
Clot retraction examine clot at _, _, _ and _ hours for clot retraction
1, 2, 4, 24 hours
74
During clot retraction, clot starts to shrink at _____.
30 minutes
75
After clot forms, remaing _ - _% consists of ____ and ____ will _____ from clot
40-60 serum and rbc fall out
76
In order for clot retraction test to be accurate, there should be
normal fibrinogen and hematocrit
77
adherence of platelets to glass surface
platelet adhesion
78
counting the number of platelets before and after exposure to glass beads
platelet adhesion
79
not a reliable method
platelet adhesion
80
platelet adhesiveness to glass beads, diagnosis of VWD
salzmann method
81
Results in platelet adhesion
>25% - normal (75), retain | <25% - abnormal/prolonged, retain
82
Based on some variation of born method
platelet aggregation
83
Platelet aggregation principle
PRP is treated with known aggregating agents
84
This will indicate aggregation
cloudy or turbidity
85
Cloudiness or turbidity can be measure by
spectrophotometer
86
As aggregation proceeds in spectrophotometer what will happen
more light passes through the sample
87
Enumerate aggregating agents
``` ADP Collagen Epinephrine Snake venom Thrombin Ristocetin ```
88
Measures VwF
ristocetin cofactor assay
89
mediated agglutination of platelets in the presence of antibiotic (ristocetin)
ristocetin cofactor assay
90
Most commonly used assay for measurement of functional activity of VWF
ristocetin cofactor assay
91
Introduced as an alternative procedure for RCo assay
Collagen-binding ELISA
92
In collagen-binding ELISA, this servers as a marker of endothelial dysfunction
vWF-antigen
93
Antibodies against platelet may appear in certain clinical conditions
Anti-platelet antibody assays
94
Antibodies are difficult to demonstrate in case of immune thrombocytopenia
Ant-platelet antibody assays

Hematology 2 (8 decks)

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