Lecture - Module 5 Flashcards
a disease, usually of leukocytes, in the blood and bone marrow
LEUKEMIA
Symptoms of short duration
Many immature cell forms in the bone marrow and/or peripheral blood
Elevated total leukocyte count
Acute Leukemia
Symptoms of long duration
Mostly mature cell forms in the bone marrow and/or peripheral blood
Total leukocyte counts that range from extremely elevated to lower than normal.
Chronic Leukemia
is a general term for malignancy that starts in the lymph system, mainly in the lymph nodes.
LYMPHOMAS
Proliferation of malignant lymphocytes which have a basophilic vacuolated cytoplasm with starry sky pattern due to numerous tangible body macrophage that are arrested at certain stages of maturation
HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
presence of Reed Sternberg cell (large binucleated or multinucleated cell resembles owl’s eye appearance with each nucleus bearing a very large nucleolus.
HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
Reed-Sternberg is absent but mixed population of lymphocytes, histiocytes, eosinophils and some plasma cells are present.
NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
is a form of cancer of the plasma cells.
MYELOMAS
cells overgrows, forming a mass or tumor that is located in the bone marrow.
MYELOMAS
Malignant cells freely trespass the blood brain barrier
Leukemias
Malignant cells are initially confined to the organs containing mononuclear phagocyte cells such as the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and bone marrow.
Lymphomas
Plasma cells form a mass or tumor that is located in the bone marrow.
Myelomas
________ can spill over into the circulating blood and present a _____ appearing picture on a peripheral blood smear.
lymphomas
leukemic
three broad leukocytes groups according to FAB
- Myelogenous
- Monocytic
- Lymphocytic
Classification of WHO is based on
morphology with immunophenotyping and genetic studies of peripheral blood, bone marrow, and lymph node samples.
ACUTE LEUKEMIAS have _______ and total leukocyte count is __________ or normal or decreased leukocyte count
anemia
usually elevated
remains a lethal disorder, which kills the majority of afflicted adults.
AML
ANLL
most common leukemia subtype
recognized as a heterogenous clonal disorder
ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA
characterized by:
Maturation block and the accumulation of acquired somatic genetic alterations in hematopoietic progenitor cells that alter normal mechanisms of self- renewal, proliferation, and differentiation.
ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA
Undifferentiated blasts, AML— not otherwise categorized
M0
Blasts and promyelocytes predominate without further maturation of myeloid cells
WHO synonym for this condition is acute myeloblastic leukemia without maturation.
M1 (myeloid)
Myeloid cells demonstrate maturation beyond the blast and promyelocyte stage
WHO synonym for this disease is acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation.
M2 (myeloid)
Promyelocytes predominate in the bone marrow
M3 (promyelocytic)
Both myeloid and monocytic cells are present to the extent of at least 20% of the total leukocytes
M4 (myelomonocytic)
referred to as Naegeli type monocytic leukemia.
M4 (myelomonocytic)
WHO synonym is acute myelomonocytic leukemia
M4 (myelomonocytic)
characterized by large blasts in bone marrow and peripheral blood
FAB M5a
FAB M5a is common in
young adults
differentiated type by monoblasts, promonocytes, and monocytes
FAB M5b
FAB M5b is common in
middle age
M5 (monocytic) is referred to as
SCHILLING’S TYPE
M6 (erythroleukemia) referred to as
Erythemic Myelosis
Di Guglielmo syndrome
Abnormal proliferation of both erythroid and granulocytic precursors; may include abnormal megakaryocytic and monocytic proliferations
M6 (erythroleukemia)
Large and small megakaryoblasts with a high nuclear cytoplasmic ratio; pale, agranular cytoplasm
M7 (megakaryocytic)
WHO synonym is acute megakaryoblastic leukemia
M7 (megakaryocytic)
ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA (WHO CLASSIFICATION)
ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA WITH CERTAIN GENETIC ABNORMALITIES
not otherwise specified
ambiguous lineage
ALL is the most common cancer in children, representing 23% of cancer diagnoses among children younger than 15 years of age
ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA
Small Indistinct Scant Invisible
what fab type
L1
Large, heterogeneous Indented, prominent Large, abundant Moderately clefted What fab type
L2
Large Regular oval to round Prominent, basophilic Prominent, vacuoles What fab type
L3
neoplasm of lymphoblasts committed to the B-cell lineage
Precursor B lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoblastic lymphoma (precursor B-cell ALL)
neoplasm of lymphoblasts committed to the T-cell lineage.
Precursor T lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoblastic lymphoma (precursor T-cell ALL)
One population of cells within the case; small cells predominant; nuclear shape is regular with an occasional cleft; chromatin pattern is homogeneous and nucleoli are rarely visible; cytoplasm is moderately basophilic
L1 (homogeneous)
Large cells with an irregular nuclear shape; clefts in the nucleus are common; one or more large nucleoli are visible; cytoplasm varies in color
L2 (heterogeneous)
Cells are large and homogeneous in size; nuclear shape is round or oval; one to three prominent nucleoli; cytoplasm is deeply basophilic with vacuoles often prominent
L3 (Burkitt lymphoma type)
CLINICAL SIGNS & SYMPTOMS of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Pain in lower extremities
Lymphadenopathy
Hepatomegaly
Leukemic meningitis
These signs of acute lymphoblastic leukemia are present in 75% of patients.
Lymphadenopathy
hepatomegaly
Total leukocyte count in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
elevated, 50 to 100 × 109/L
< 15% of patients exhibits ________ in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
extreme leukocytosis
TL > 100 × 109/L
Approx. 25% of patients exhibits __________ in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
leukocytopenia
In the peripheral blood smear of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, there is a predominant in
blast cells
in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, peripheral blood smear contains
lymphoblasts
lymphocytes
smudge cells
