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Hematology 2 > Lecture - Module 6 > Flashcards

Lecture - Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Generally characterized by the presence of leukocytosis with an increased number of mature lymphocytes, lymphocytosis, on a peripheral blood film

A

CHRONIC LEUKEMIAS

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2
Q

characterized by an accumulation of lymphocytes.

A

Malignant lymphoproliferative disorders

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3
Q

Most common form of leukemia in adults in Western countries but it is very rare in far Eastern countries

A

CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA

SMALL LYMPHOCYTIC LYMPHOMA

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4
Q

Neoplasms composed of small B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes, mixed with prolymphocytes and paraimmunoblasts forming proliferation centers in tissue infiltrates.

A

CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA

SMALL LYMPHOCYTIC LYMPHOMA

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5
Q

Accounts for almost 7% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) in biopsies.

A

CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA

SMALL LYMPHOCYTIC LYMPHOMA

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6
Q

CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA / SMALL LYMPHOCYTIC LYMPHOMA median age of onset

A

65 years old

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7
Q

This form of leukemia is rare before age 20 and uncommon before age 50.

A

CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA / SMALL LYMPHOCYTIC LYMPHOMA

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8
Q

Classic CLL is usually a what type of disorder

A

B-cell disorder

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9
Q

a biologically and clinically heterogeneous hematologic malignancy characterized by a gradually progressive accumulation of morphologically mature B lymphocytes in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic tissues.

A

B-CLL

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10
Q

B-CLL characterized as

A

CD5+ CD19+ CD23+ monoclonal B cells

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11
Q

most consistent finding which is present in approximately 50% of patients in CLL and SLL

A

trisomy of chromosome 12

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12
Q

Chromosomal alterations in CLL/SLL

A

11q deletion
13q deletion
17p deletion
trisomy of chromosome 12 → most consistent finding which is present in approximately 50% of patients
translocation of chromosomes 8 and 14 → associated with B-CLL
translocation of chromosomes 9 and 22 → observed in non- T and non-B types

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13
Q

Chromosomal alterations in CLL/SLL associated with B-CLL

A

translocation of chromosomes 8 and 14

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14
Q

Chromosomal alterations in CLL/SLL most consistent finding which is present in approximately 50% of patients

A

trisomy of chromosome 12

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15
Q

Chromosomal alterations in CLL/SLL observed in non- T and non-B types

A

translocation of chromosomes 9 and 22

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16
Q

Displays the classic surface immunoglobulin (SIg) markers.

A

B-Cells

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17
Q

B-Cells displays the classic surface immunoglobulin (SIg) markers.

A

CD19
CD20
CD24
CD5

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18
Q

Abnormal findings discovered on a complete blood count (CBC)
Common symptoms include malaise, low-grade fever, and night sweats.
Hepatosplenomegaly is also frequently present.

A

CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA

SMALL LYMPHOCYTIC LYMPHOMA

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19
Q

CLL/SLL laboratory data

A

30 to 200 × 109/L
1/3 of patients, the total leukocyte count is greater than 100 × 109/L.
Absolute lymphocytosis, 80% or 90% small lymphocytes.
hypogammaglobulinemia.

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20
Q

Uncommon chronic lymphoproliferative disorder of the B-lymphocyte type.
More common in males than in females.
It has been suggested that a locus on the X chromosome might be involved in HCL

A

HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA

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21
Q

appearance of fine, hair-like, irregular cytoplasmic projections that are characteristic of lymphocytes in this disease

A

HCL

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22
Q

The cytochemical features of HCL include a

A

strong acid phosphatase reaction

not inhibited by tartaric acid or tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) stain

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23
Q

Following ________, enzyme activity in the hairy cell may be TRAP negative

A

interferon therapy

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24
Q 
cells display strong SIg.
A. Hairy Cells Leukemia
B. CLL/SLL
C. Prolymphocytic leukemia
D. Chronic leukemia
A

A

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25
Immunological Markers for hairy cell leukemia
CD19+, CD20+, CD22+, CD24+, and CD25+
26
Immunological Markers for hairy cell leukemia recognizes what receptor
interleukin-2 (Tac) receptor
27
More aggressive type of HCL and has different morphological characteristics than typical HCL.
HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA VARIANT
28
Cells are smaller than the typical HCL cell with a central round nucleus, prominent nucleoli, a larger nuclear cytoplasmic ratio, and basophilic cytoplasm with occasional cytoplasmic projections.
HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA VARIANT
29
Differential diagnosis of vHCL from typical HCL can be made by
cytochemical staining (TRAP) and immunophenotyping
30
Malignancy of B prolymphocytes affecting blood, bone marrow, and spleen. Characterized by a large number of small lymphocytes with scant cytoplasm and the immature features of prolymphocytes in the peripheral blood. Leukocytosis can exceed 100 × 109/L.
PROLYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
31
In PROLYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA, prolymphocytes must exceed _______ of lymphoid cells in the peripheral blood.
55%
32
Immunological Markers for PROLYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
``` CD19+ CD20+ CD24+ CD22+ Cells display strong SIg. ```
33
a malignant bone marrow– based, plasma cell neoplasm associated with abnormal protein production.
Multiple myeloma
34
an increased number of plasma cells in the peripheral blood and should be considered a form of multiple myeloma and not a separate entity
Plasma cell leukemia
35
Usually evolves from an asymptomatic premalignant stage of clonal plasma cell proliferation called “monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS).
MULTIPLE MYELOMA (PLASMA CELL MYELOMA)
36
MULTIPLE MYELOMA (PLASMA CELL MYELOMA) onset of disorder
ages of 40 and 70 years
37
Bone pain, weakness, fatigue Abnormal bleeding - may be a prominent feature In some patients: major symptoms result from acute infection, renal insufficiency, hypercalcemia, or amyloidosis. Approximately 90% of patients suffer from broadly disseminated destruction of the skeleton
MULTIPLE MYELOMA (PLASMA CELL MYELOMA)
38
Leads to a compensatory decrease in synthesis and increase in catabolism of normal immunoglobulins.
MULTIPLE MYELOMA (PLASMA CELL MYELOMA)
39
In MULTIPLE MYELOMA (PLASMA CELL MYELOMA) this may develop as a result of bone marrow failure
Granulocytopenia
40
In MM, increased plasma volume caused by monoclonal protein commonly produces
hypervolemia
41
Laboratory data of MM
``` Increased plasma cells Rouleaux formation Relative lymphocytosis Bleeding overproduction of IgM (19S) antibodies monoclonal serum protein is detected ```
42
In MM, what type of antibody is present in majority of the patients
IgG
43
In MM, what are the antibodies that is less frequently seen and rarely seen?
IgA and IgD
44
It is a B-cell neoplasm characterized by lymphoplasmo-proliferative disorder with infiltration of the bone marrow and a monoclonal immunoglobulin M (IgM) protein.
WALDENSTRÖM PRIMARY MACROGLOBULINEMIA | LYMPHOPLASMACYTIC LYMPHOMA
45
Associated with the production of abnormally large amounts of gamma globulin of the 19S or IgM type. Basic abnormality in this macroglobulinemia is uncontrolled proliferation of lymphocyte and plasma cells.
WALDENSTRÖM PRIMARY MACROGLOBULINEMIA | LYMPHOPLASMACYTIC LYMPHOMA
46
→ includes the various forms of leukemias and malignant lymphomas that are of lymphoreticular origin.
LYMPHOMAS
47
includes the various forms of leukemias and malignant lymphomas that are of lymphoreticular origin.
Lymphoproliferative disorder
48
group of closely related disorders that are characterized by the overproliferation of one or more types of cells of the lymphoid system such as lymphoreticular stem cells, lymphocytes, reticulum cells, and histiocytes
Lymphomas
49
Reed-Sternberg cells function as:
stimulatory cells in lymphocyte reaction accessory cells in mitogen-induced T-cell proliferation antigen presenting in HLA-DR restricted, antigen specific in T-cell activation
50
Characterized by a persistent defect in the cellular immunity with abnormalities in T lymphocytes, IL-2 production, and increased sensitivity to suppressor monocytes and normal T suppressor cells.
HODGKIN DISEASE
51
Aneuploidy, or a deviation from the diploid number of chromosomes, resulting from the gain or loss of chromosomes or from polyploids
HODGKIN DISEASE
52
In HODGKIN DISEASE there is a gain of chromosome ________________
1, 2, 5, 12, and 21
53
Most frequent type of NHL is
diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
54
Three different types of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas
Germinal center, B cell like lymphoma Activated B cell like lymphoma New subtype, type 3 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
55
Type of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas that expresses high levels of genes characteristic of germinal center, B-cell–like lymal germinal center B cells
Germinal center, B-cell–like lymphoma
56
Type of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas that expresses genes characteristic of mitogenically activated blood B cells
Activated B-cell–like lymphoma
57
Type of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas which has a heterogeneous gene expression that suggests it includes more than one subtype of lymphoma
New subgroup, type 3 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
58
leukemic phase of cutaneous T- cell lymphoma, mycosis fungoides.
Sezary Syndrome
59
Typically the size of a small lymphocyte and has a dark-staining, clumped, nuclear chromatin pattern
Sézary cell
60
derived from mature or post thymic T cells
Mature T-Cell & NK-Cell Neoplasms
61
Consistently associated with the BCR-ABL 1 fusion gene located in the Philadelphia chromosome.
CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA
62
reciprocal translocation of DNA between chromosomes 9 and 22
Ph1 chromosome
63
Stains ALP present in most neutrophil
Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase Stain (LAP)
64
Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase Stain (LAP) differentiate
CML (↓) from leukemoid reaction or polycythemia vera
65
In Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase Stain (LAP), what anticoagulant must be used and what anticoagulant results to falsely decreased
Heparin | EDTA
66
Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase Stain (LAP) is increased in
polycythemia vera Leukemoid Reaction 3rd Trimester of Pregnancy
67
Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase Stain (LAP) is decreased in
(↓) CML, IM, PA, PNH
68
Clinical description was that of a patient with engorged veins, plethora, and an elevated red blood cell count. Leukocytosis and thrombocythemia were recognized as additional features
Polycythemia Rubra Vera
69
Added PV to the classification of MPNs | Main differential diagnosis is that of reactive erythrocytosis due to hypoxia
Dameshek
70
Clonal stem cell disorder characterized by hyperproliferation of the erythroid, myeloid, and megakaryocytic lineages
POLYCYTHEMIA VERA
71
Northern blot analysis showed that PV-1 is highly expressed in _________________ and to a much lesser degree in fetal liver
normal human bone marrow
72
a common complication of PV and often is unrecognized
Thrombophlebitis with pulmonary embolism
73
characterized by systemic bone marrow fibrosis and extramedullary hematopoiesis.
Primary Myelofibrosis
74
caused by infiltrative disorders, including malignancies and infections, or exposure to chemical toxins or irradiation.
Secondary Myelofibrosis
75
Characterized by a significant increase in circulating platelets, usually in excess of 1,000 × 109/L.
ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTOSIS/ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTHEMIA
76
Exhibits features of both myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative disorders at the time of diagnosis. Characterized by leukocytosis with a majority of neutrophils. Multilineage dysplasia is common
Atypical chronic myeloid leukemia | BCR-ABL1negative
77
Disorder of childhood Proliferation of granulocytic and monocytic lineages Blasts and promonocytes account for less than 20% of peripheral blood cells and bone marrow aspirates. Erythroid and megakaryocytic abnormalities are frequently preset BCR-ABL1 mutation is absent but mutations of genes of the RAS/MAPK pathway are characteristic.
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia | JMML
78
Neoplasm meets the definition of MDS/MPN but does not meet the criteria for CMML or the other classification in this category
Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm, unclassifiable

Hematology 2 (8 decks)

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