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Hematology 2 > Lecture - Module 2 > Flashcards

Lecture - Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

occurs within the intravascular

compartment lined with endothelium

A

HEMOSTASIS

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2
Q

A tightly regulated balance between formation and dissolution of hemostatic plugs modulated by a series of enzymes and scaffolding proteins.

A

PHYSIOLOGIC HEMOSTATIC SYSTEM

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3
Q

Factors involved in Normal

Hemostasis and Thrombosis

A

Plateletes, Granulocytes & Monocytes

Coagulation Protein Sytem (Clot Forming)

Fibrinolysis Protein System (Clot Lysing)

Anticoagulation Protein System ( Regulating)

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4
Q

serves to form thrombin that initiates the proteolysis of fibrinogen, leading to fibrin clot formation

A

Coagulation System (Clot Forming)

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5
Q

→ functions to lyse the clot formed by thrombin

A

Fibrinolytic Sytem (Clot Lysing)

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6
Q

regulates all enzymes of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems, so that no inappropriate excess of clotting or bleeding occurs.

A

Anticoagulation System (Regulating)

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7
Q

Vasoconstriction is a short-lived reflex reaction of the smooth muscle in the vessel wall produced by the

A

sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system

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8
Q

increases the adhesiveness of platelets

A

ADP

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9
Q

Platelet during adhesion will transform from ________ to ______ which produces surface membrane organization

A

disc shape to a sphere with pseudopods

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10
Q

Internal contraction of the platelet results in release of granular contents of

A

alpha granules
dense granules
lysosomal granules

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11
Q

Platelets adhere at sites of mechanical vascular injury and then undergo activation and express what functional glycoprotein —- also referred to as?

A

IIb/IIIa

Alpha 2b Beta 3

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12
Q

Which receptors will mediate the recruitment of local platelets by forming fibrinogen bridges between platelets—a process called platelet cohesion.

A

glycoprotein IIb/IIIa

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13
Q

A process forming fibrinogen bridges between platelets

A

platelet cohesion

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14
Q

Glycoprotein ____ is specific for

platelets.

A

IIb/IIIa

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15
Q

Glycoprotein ______ is the most abundant platelet membrane protein (with approximately _______ receptors per platelet).

A

IIb/IIIa

50,000

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16
Q

gold standard test to determine platelet function.

A

Platelet aggregation

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17
Q

Agents capable of producing platelet aggregation in vitro (an energy dependent process):

A

Collagen

Proteolytic enzymes (thrombin)

Biological amines (epinephrine and serotonin)

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18
Q

results from bridges formed by fibrinogen in the presence of calcium which produces sticky surface on platelets

A

Aggregation

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19
Q

If these aggregates are reinforced by fibrin, they are referred to as a

A

thrombus

20
Q

Aggregation of platelets by at least one pathway can be blocked by substances such as:

A

PGE (prostaglandin E)

adenosine

21
Q
  • provides basis for platelet consolidation & stabilization.
A

Fibrinogen

22
Q

This process involves the precipitation of polymerized fibrin around each platelet

A

PLATELET PLUG CONSOLIDATION & STABILIZATION

23
Q

Result of platelet plug consolidation and stabilization

A

fibrin clot

24
Q

Fibrin clot will produce

A

irreversible platelet plug

25
Q

Quantitative Determination of Platelet

A

Electronic particle counter

examination of stained blood film

26
Q

done if the platelet count is normal → assessment of platelet function

A

Qualitative Assessment of Platelet

27
Q

Qualitative Assessment of Platelet

A

a. PBS
b. Platelet Count
c. Template Bleeding Time
d. Petechiometer
e. Platelet Aggregation
f. Platelet lumiaggregation (release)
g. Platelet Antibodies (IgM and IgG)
h. Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins
i. Platelet factor IV
k. Thromboxanes

28
Q

In vivo measurement of platelet adhesion and aggregation on locally injured vascular subendothelium.

A

Bleeding Time with and without Aspirin

29
Q

Provides an estimate of the integrity of the platelet plug and thereby measures the interaction between the capillaries and platelets

A

Bleeding Time with and without Aspirin

30
Q

Reflects the number and quality of platelets, fibrinogen concentration, fibrinolytic activity, and packed red cell volume.

A

Clot Retraction

31
Q

The degree of clot retraction is __________ to the number of

platelets & __________ to the hematocrit and the level of the blood coagulation factor fibrinogen.

A

directly proportional

inversely proportional

32
Q

The principle of the test is that platelet-rich plasma is treated with a known aggregating agent. If aggregated, cloudiness or turbidity can be measured using a spectrophotometer.

A

Platelet Aggregation

33
Q

Aggregating agents

A 
ADP
Collagen
Epinephrine
Ristocetin
Snake venom
Thrombin
34
Q

Available techniques can include complement fixation methods, lysis of chromium 51 labeled platelets, assays of platelet-bound immunoglobulins, and competitive inhibition assays.

A

Antiplatelet Antibody Assays

35
Q

VASCULAR DISORDERS

A
  1. Purpura associated with direct endothelial cell damage.
  2. Purpura associated with an inherited disease of the connective tissue.
  3. Purpura associated with decreased mechanical strength of the microcirculation.
  4. Purpura associated with mechanical disruption of small venules.
  5. Purpura associated with microthrombi (small clots).
  6. Purpura associated with vascular malignancy.
36
Q

Demonstrates the smallest platelets seen

A

Wiskott-Aldrich

syndrome

37
Q

Characterized by the presence of large platelets and the presence of Döhle-like bodies in the granulocytic leukocytes

A

May-Hegglin

anomaly

38
Q

Disorder that exhibits giant platelets and thrombocytopenia

A

Alport syndrome

39
Q

Demonstrates the largest platelets. In this disorder, it has been demonstrated that the giant platelets are probably an artifact of the slide

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (giant platelet syndrome)

40
Q

3 types of thrombocytopenia

A

Disorder of production
disorder of destruction or utilization
disorder of platelet distribution

41
Q

Hereditary or familial thrombocytosis associated with ger_x0002_mline mutations of the thrombopoietin (THPO) gene in the THPO receptor (MPL) gene

A

THROMBOCYTOSIS

42
Q

associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms and/or myelodysplastic disorders (clonal thrombocytosis associated with somatic mutations of JAK2[V617F], MPL, and additional currently unknown genes)

A

THROMBOCYTOSIS

43
Q

reactive disease

A

secondary thrombocytosis

44
Q

TYPES OF PLATELET DYSFUNCTION

A

a) Acquired
b) Drug-Induced
c) Platelet Membrane Receptors
d) Hereditary

45
Q

Types of acquired platelet dysfunction

A 
Myeloproliferative
Uremia
Miscellaneous 
Paraprotein
Cardiopulmonary bypass and platelet function
46
Q

Types of hereditary platelet dysfunction

A

i. Bernard-Soulier Syndrome
ii. Glanzmann Thrombasthenia and Essential Athrombia
iii. Hereditary Storage Pool Defect

Hematology 2 (8 decks)

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