Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2nd sem-Human Histology PRELIM > Module 1 (INTRODUCTION TO HISTOLOGY) > Flashcards

Module 1 (INTRODUCTION TO HISTOLOGY) Flashcards

1
Q

THE STUDY OF THE TISSUES OF THE BODY AND HOW THESE TISSUES ARE ARRANGED TO CONSTITUTE ORGANS.

A

HISTOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

FROM THE GREEK WORD HISTO MEANING “TISSUES” OR “WEB”. *WEB BECAUSE OF INTERWOVEN FILAMENTS AND FIBERS, BOTH CELLULAR AND NONCELLULAR, WITH MEMBRANOUS LINING.

A

HISTOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

IT INVOLVES ALL ASPECTS OF TISSUE BIOLOGY. *WITH THE FOCUS ON HOW CELLS’ STRUCTURE AND ARRANGEMENT OPTIMIZE FUNCTIONS SPECIFIC TO EACH ORGAN.

A

HISTOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

GREEK WORD HISTO MEANING

A

“TISSUES” OR “WEB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

THIS METHOD CAN BE DONE BY CHEMICAL OR LESS FREQUENTLY PHYSICAL METHODS.

A

FIXATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

TO AVOID TISSUE DIGESTION BY ENZYMES PRESENT WITH THE CELLS (AUTOLYSIS) OR BY BACTERIA AND TO PRESERVE THE STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR COMPOSITION, PIECES OF ORGANS SHOULD BE PROMPTLY AND ADEQUATELY TREATED BEFORE, OR AS SOON AS POSSIBLE, AFTER REMOVAL FROM THE BODY.

A

FIXATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

PRESERVE MORPHOLOGY OF CELL

A

FIXATION primary aim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

HARDEN TISSUE TO PROTECT FROM TRAUMA

A

FIXATION secondary aim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

WIDELY USED FIXATIVE

A

FORMALDEHYDE AND GLUTARALDEHYDE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

BEST GENERAL FIXATIVE / BEST FOR IRON CONTAINING TISSUES

A

FORMALDEHYDE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ONE OF THE BEST FIXATIVES FOR ROUTINE LIGHT MICROSCOPY. *A BUFFERED ISOTONIC SOLUTION OF 37% FORMALDEHYDE.

A

FORMALIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

MAIN FACTORS INVOLVED IN FIXATION

A

pH
Temperature
Thickness of Section
Concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

pH factor in fixation

A

6-8 OPTIMUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

temperature factor in fixation

A

GENERALLY AT RT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

thickness of section factor in fixation

A

2-4mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

concentration factor in fixation

A

10% Formalin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Practical considerations in fixation

A

Speed: ASAP
Penetration: Formalin 1mm/hr
Volume: 20x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

COMPLETE REMOVAL OF CALCIUM SALTS FROM THE TISSUE FOLLOWING FIXATION

A

DECALCIFICATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

RECOMMENDED FLUID TO TISSUE RATIO in Decalcification

A

20:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

IDEAL TIME REQUIRED of Decalcification

A

24-48 HRS (2-3 DAYS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

TISSES WILL UNDERGO COMPLETE DIGETSION within (___) and at what temperature.

A

24-48 HRS at 55 C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Types of Decalcifying agents

A

Acid: Nitric acid/ hydrochloric acid/ formic acid
Tissue Softeners: 4% phenol/ 2% HCL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Most of the water are removed

A

Dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Process of removing extracellular and intracellular water from tissue following fixation and prior to wax infiltration

A

Dehydration

25
Q

THIS IS COMMONLY CARRIED OUT BY IMMERSING SPECIMENS IN A SERIES OF ETHANOL SOLUTIONS INCREASING THE CONCENTRATION. *UNTIL PURE, WATER-FREE ALCOHOL IS REACHED. WHICH EFFECTIVELY REMOVES ALL WATER FROM THE TISSUE

A

Dehydration

26
Q

MOST COMMON used dehydrating agent

A

Alcohol

27
Q

Alcohol used in dehydration

A

Ethanol : for routing dehydration : EST dehydrating agent

Methanol

28
Q

TYPICAL DEHYDRATION SEQUENCE FOR SPECIMENS

A

not more than 4mm THICK

29
Q

TYPICAL DEHYDRATION SEQUENCE FOR SPECIMENS:* NOT MORE THAN 4mm THICK

A

70% ETHANOL – 15 MINS
90% ETHANOL – 15 MINS
100 % ETHANOL – 15 MINS
100 % ETHANOL – 15 MINS
100 % ETHANOL – 30 MINS
100 % ETHANOL – 45 MINS

30
Q

APPLICATION OF CLEARING

A

*TO MAKE TISSUE, EMBRYOS, PARASITES TRANSPARENT.
* FOR DEALCOHOLIZATION OF TISSUE PREPARATORY TO WAX IMPREGNATION

31
Q

THE PROCESS WILL DISPLACE THE ETHANOL IN THE TISSUE

A

CLEARING

32
Q

SOLUTION IS MISCIBLE IN BOTH ALCOHOL (DEHYDRATING AGENT) AND MELTED PARAFFIN (IMPREGNATION/INFILTRATION MEDIUM)

A

CLEARING

33
Q

PROCESS OF REMOVING ALCOHOL FROM SECTION OF TISSUE BY IMMERSING THEM

A

CLEARING

34
Q

IT REMOVES SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNT OF FAT FROM TISSUES WHICH OTHERWISE PRESENTS A BARRIER TO WAX INFILTRATION.

A

CLEARING

35
Q

TYPICAL CLEARING SEQUENCE FOR SPECIMENS

A

XYLENE – 20 MINS
XYLENE – 20 MINS
XYLENE – 45 MINS

36
Q

CLEARING AGENT IS COMPLETELY REMOVED FROM TISSUE AND REPLACED BY A MEDIUM THAT WILL COMPLETELY FILL ALL TISSUE CAVITIES

A

WAX INFILTRATION/IMPREGNATION

37
Q

TISSUE CAN BE INFILTRATED WITH A SUITABLE HISTOLOGICAL WAX

A

WAX INFILTRATION/IMPREGNATION

38
Q

CAN BE INFILTRATED INTO TISSUE AT THIS TEMPERATURE THEN ALLOWED TO COOL AT 20C. (E.G. PARAPLAST)

A

WAX INFILTRATION/IMPREGNATION

39
Q

A TYPICAL WAX IS

A

LIQUID AT 60C

40
Q

Tissue is placed in a small mold. (Tissue cassettes/ case/ plastic boats) containing melted paraffin which is then allowed to harden.

A

WAX INFILTRATION/IMPREGNATION

41
Q

MOST COMMON ; SIMPLEST reagent in Wax Infiltration/Impregnation

A

Paraffin Wax

42
Q

Substitute of Paraffin wax

A

paraplast

43
Q

TYPICAL INFILTRATION SEQUENCE FOR SPECIMENS

A

WAX – 30 MINS
WAX – 30 MINS
WAS – 45 MINS

44
Q

SPECIMEN THOROUGHLY INFILTRATED WITH WAX MUST BE FORMED INTO A “BLOCK” WHICH CAN BE CLAMPED IN A MICROTOME FOR SECTION CUTTING.

A

EMBEDDING

45
Q

PROCESS BY WHICH THE IMPREGNATED TISSUE IS PALCED INTO PRECISELY ARRANGED POSITION IN A MOLD CONTAINING MEDIUM WHICH IS THEN ALLOWED TO SOLIDIF

A

EMBEDDING

46
Q

PROCESS OF REMOVING EXCESS WAX FROM THE BLOCK,SO THAT IT FORMS “4-SIDED PRISM

A

TRIMMING

47
Q

ATLEAST 2MM OF WAX SHOULD SURROUND THE TISSUE BLOCK

A

TRIMMING

48
Q

PROCESS WHEREBY TISSUES ARE CUT INTO UNIFORMLY THIN SLICES OR SECTIONS WITH THE AID OF A MICROTOME

A

SECTION CUTTING

49
Q

PARAFFIN SECTION : 4-6 MICRA

A

SECTION CUTTING

50
Q

THE SPECIMEN IS PLACED IN A MICROTOME FOR SECTIONING AT A THICKNESS DOWN TO 2um TO FORM A RIBBON.

A

SECTION CUTTING

51
Q

METHOD OF STAINING TISSUES HAVE THEREFORE BEEN DEVISED THAT NOT ONLY MAKE VARIOUS TISSUE COMPONENTS CONSPICUOUS BUT ALSO PERMIT DISTINCTIONS TO BE MADE BETWEEN THEM.

A

STAINING

52
Q

TYPES OF DYE/STAIN:

A

BASOPHILIC
ACIDOPHILIC

53
Q

BASOPHILIC Stains

A

NUCLEIC ACID, GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS, AND ACID GLYCOPROTEIN

(E.G. TOLUIDINE BLUE, ALCIAN BLUE, METHYLENE BLUE, HEMATOXYLIN)

54
Q

ACIDOPHILIC Stains

A

MITOCHONDRIA, SECRETORY GRANULES, AND COLLAGEN

(E.G. ORANGE G, EOSIN, AND ACID FUCHSIN)

55
Q

SECTION CUT IS PICKED BY

A

INDEX FINGER
SPATULA
FLAT-BLADED FORCEPS

56
Q

THE WRINKLED SECTIONS ARE “FLOATED-OUT” IN FLOATATION WATER BATH FOR 5-10MINS UNTIL FLATTENED AND THEN “FISH-OUT” WITH A SLIDE WITH ADHESIVE.

A

FISHING OUT

57
Q

WATER BATH temperature for fishing out

A

45-50 C

58
Q

METHODS OF DRYING SLIDE

A

WAX OVEN : 56-60C FOR 2 HRS
INCUBATOR : 37C OVERNIGHT
HOT PLATE : 45-55C FOR 45 MINS
BLOWER TYPE SLIDE DRYER 50-55C FOR 20-30 MINS

59
Q

BASIC STEPS IN TISSUE PREPARATION FOR HISTOLOGY:

A

FIXATION
DEHYDRATION
CLEARING
INFILTRATION OR IMPREGNATION
EMBEDDING, CASTING OR MOLDING
BLOCKING
TRIMMING
SECTIONING OR CUTTING
STAINING
MOUNTING
LABELING *IMMEDIATELY AFTER REMOVAL OF TISSUE

2nd sem-Human Histology PRELIM (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions