Module 1: Biochem & The Cell

Question 1

Biochemistry

Answer 1

study of living organisms by understanding how organisms arise from complex interactions of different biomolecules

Question 2

Human body composed of…

Answer 2

mainly H atoms (>60%), followed by C & O

Question 3

Oxygen

Answer 3

building block of biomolecules and water

Question 4

Carbon

Answer 4

building block of all organic molecules

Question 5

Hydrogen

Answer 5

components of water, biomolecules, main component of pH in body fluids

Question 6

Nitrogen

Answer 6

component of pr- and nucleic acids

Question 7

Phosphorus

Answer 7

component of nucleic acids

Question 8

Sulfur

Answer 8

component of pr-

Question 9

Element

Answer 9

basic substance that cannot be broken down into anything more basic

Question 10

Macromolecule

Answer 10

polymer of monomeric building blocks

polymerization like condensation rxn-removal of water

Question 11

Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)

Answer 11

monomer: nucleotides
contains: ribose sugar (DNA has H; RNA has OH at 2’ C), phosphate group at 5’, 1’ C binds one of 4 nitrogen bases (A, G, C, T; RNA uses U instead of T)
DNA= double strand
RNA=single strand

Contains all elements except S

Question 12

Proteins

Amino acid structure

Answer 12

made of 20 diff kinds of aa
Amino acids contain: amino group, carboxyl group, specific R group
to form a pr-, amino group from one aa creates a covalent peptide bond with carboxyl of another aa

Contain all elements except P

Question 13

Carbohydrates

Glucose & Sucrose/lactose

Answer 13

Glucose: monosaccharide -only 1 sugar ring
Sucrose/lactose: disaccharide -held by covalent bonds

Contain: C, H, O

Question 14

Lipid Bilayer

Answer 14

barrier which keeps inside in and outside out

Selective/Semi-permeable: allows cell to maintain diff enviro on either side

Question 15

Amphipathic

Answer 15

The lipid bilayer is such

one end of molecule hydrophilic (water loving -head), the other end is hydrophobic (tail)

Question 16

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 16

compartmentalizing/segregating process, cell-to-cell communication, energy conservation

Question 17

DNA function

Answer 17

genetic code passed on from gen to gen

blueprint for making pr-

Question 18

Protein function

Answer 18

enzymes, maintaining cell structure, cell division

Question 19

Carbohydrate function

Answer 19

broken down to make energy, structural component

Question 20

Cell envelope (pro cells)

Answer 20

contains cell membrane and peptidoglycan layer (combo of aa and sugars that give cell its shape/rigidity, protects cell from enviro, structural support)

Question 21

Gram negative bacteria

Answer 21

bacteria has 2 membranes

Question 22

Gram positive bacteria

Answer 22

bacteria has 1 membrane

Question 23

Gram staining

Answer 23

stains peptidoglycan layer
Gram positive bacteria: stain deep purple
(thick peptidoglycan layer)
Gram negative bacteria: stain pink/red
(thin peptidoglycan layer)

Question 24

Pili

Answer 24

allow bacteria to attach to surfaces/other cells

Question 25

Flagella

Answer 25

allow bacteria to swim through aq enviro

Question 26

Nucleic (pro cells)

Answer 26

store DNA and associated pr-

Question 27

Cytoplasm vs cytosol

Answer 27

hydrophilic solution that fills cell and enclosed by plasma membrane

contains cytoplasm and other structures suspended in it

Question 28

Plant Cell

Answer 28

Monomers–>polymers–>supramolcules complexes
size increases up hierarchy chain
lot easier to make/break bonds in larger complexes b/c non-covalent interactions much weaker

Question 29

Animal cell

Answer 29

contain single membrane (lipid bilayer) around entire cell

inside much more compartmentalized into section which enclosed by lipids

Question 30

Endomembrane System

Answer 30

grouping of membrane and organelles that function together to modify/package/transport molecules