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BIOL1593 Midterm 1 > Module 1 An Into To The Human Body > Flashcards

Module 1 An Into To The Human Body Flashcards

Introduce 2 scientific disciplines that study the human body, examine how the body constantly regulates its internal environment, consider the interactions between individual body systems, establish a basic scientifically acknowledged vocab for understanding the human body.

1
Q

Define anatomy and physiology

A

Anatomy is defined as the study of structure and the relationships among structures. Physiology is the study of how body structures function.

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2
Q

Describe the different levels of organization in the human body

A

The chemical level; atoms and molecules, cells, tissues, organs, systems, the human organism.

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3
Q

The smallest units of matter that participate in the chemical reactions and molecules which are 2 or more atoms joined together are from what level of organization in the human body

A

The chemical level

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4
Q

The basic structural and functional units of an organism

A

Cells

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5
Q

Consists of groups of similarly specialized cells and the substances surrounding them that usually arise from a common ancestor and perform certain special functions

A

Tissues

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6
Q

Structures of definite form that have specific functions and are composed of 2 or more different tissues

A

Organs

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7
Q

Consists of related organs that have a common function

A

The systems level

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8
Q

What is a collection of structurally and functionally integrated systems

A

The organismal level

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9
Q

List the major body systems

A

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive

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10
Q

Describe the functions of the integumentary system (skin, hair, nails, sweat glands and oil glands)

A

Helps regulate body temp, protects the body, eliminates some waste, helps make vitamin D, detects sensations, stores fat, and provides insulation

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11
Q

Describe the functions of the skeletal system (bones, joints, and associated cartilages)

A

Supports and protects the body, provides a specific area for muscles attachment, assists with body movements, stores cells that produce blood cells, and stores minerals and lipids

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12
Q

Describe the functions of the muscular system (skeletal muscle tissue, smooth and cardiac muscle tissues)

A

Participates in body movements such as walking, maintaining posture and produces heat

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13
Q

Describe the functions of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs-eyes and ears)

A

Regulates body activities through nerve impulses by detecting changes in the environment, interpreting the changes, and responding to the changes by bringing about muscular contractions or glandular secretions

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14
Q

Describe the functions of the endocrine system (all glands and tissues that produces chemical regulators of body functions, called hormones)

A

Regulates body activities through hormones transported by the blood to various target organs

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15
Q

Describe the functions of the cardiovascular system (blood, heart, and blood vessels)

A

Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acidity, temperature and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and men’s damaged blood vessels

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16
Q

Describe the function of the lymphatic and immunity system (lymphatic fluid, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses- B and T cells)

A

Returns proteins and fluids to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B and T cells that protect against disease- causing microbes

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17
Q

Describe the functions of the respiratory system (lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchial tubes)

A

Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acidity of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds

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18
Q

Describe the functions of the digestive system (organs of the gastrointestinal tract, including the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus-also salivary glands, gall bladder, pancreas)

A

Physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes

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19
Q

Describe the functions of the urinary system (kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra)

A

Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids; maintains body’s mineral balance; helps regulate red blood cell production

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20
Q

Describe the functions of the reproductive system (gonads-testes and ovaries; uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, epididymis, ductus deferens, penis, mammary glands)

A

Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism and release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes, mammary glands produce milk

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21
Q

List the major characteristics of life

A

Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction

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22
Q

What major characteristic of life is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body, including catabolism and anabolism?

A

Metabolism

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23
Q

What is responsiveness?

A

The ability to detect and respond to the external or internal environment

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24
Q

Describe movement

A

Includes the motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even organelles inside the cells

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25
Q

What is growth?

A

An increase in size and complexity due to an increase in the number of cells, size of cells or both

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26
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The change in a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state

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27
Q

Describe reproduction

A

The formation of new cells for growth repair or replacement, or the production of a new individual cell

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28
Q

Define homeostasis

A

A condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment which is produced by ceaseless interplay of all the body’s regulatory processes

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29
Q

What systems is homeostasis regulated by?

A

The nervous system and the endocrine system which act together or independently

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30
Q

What does the nervous system do for homeostasis?

A

Detects changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract a disruption

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31
Q

What role does the endocrine system play in homeostasis?

A

Helps regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones

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32
Q

In homeostasis, nerve impulses cause _____ changes where as hormones usually work more ______.

A

Rapid, slowly

33
Q

Define a feedback system

A

A cycle if events through which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back to a central control region

34
Q

Any disruption that changes a controlled condition is called a ______

A

Stimulus

35
Q

What 3 basic components does a feedback system contain?

A

A receptor, the control centre, an effector

36
Q

What is a receptor within a feedback system?

A

Monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input as nerve impulses or chemical signals to a control centre

37
Q

What is a control centre within a feedback system?

A

Sets the range of values for the maintenance of a controlled condition, evaluates the input recieved from the receptors and generates output commands when needed

38
Q

What is an effector (within the feedback system)?

A

A body structure that receives output from the control centre and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition

39
Q

Define a negative feedback system and give an example

A

If a response reverses the original stimulus the system is a negative feedback system. Ex: BP

40
Q

What is a positive feedback system and give an example

A

If a response enhances the original stimulus. Ex: childbirth

41
Q

How are diseases, symptoms, and signs related to homeostatic imbalance?

A

A disruption of homeostasis can lead to disease and death. A disorder is a general term for any abnormality of function (which disturbs homeostasis)

42
Q

Define disease

A

A more specific term for an illness characterized be a recognizable set of signs and symptoms

43
Q

Define symptom and provide an example

A

Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer. Ex: fever, rash

44
Q

Define signs and give an example

A

Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure. Ex: fever, rash

45
Q

Describe the use of the anatomical position

A

A standardized method for observing or imaging the body, which allows precise and consistent anatomical references

46
Q

Describe the anatomical position

A

The subject stands erect facing the observer; his/her upper extremities are placed at their side; their palms of their hands are turned forward; and their feet are flat on the floor

47
Q

What are the principal planes of reference used to depict the structural arrangement of the human body?

A

Midsagittal (medial), parasagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse (cross-sectional or horizontal), and oblique

48
Q

Name some commonly used directional terms to locate and relate body parts

A

Dorsal, superior, medial, ventral, inferior, lateral, and proximal

49
Q

What are the 5 main common names on the anatomical descriptive form?

A

Head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, lower limbs

50
Q

Identify the body cavities and describe their importance.

A

Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support the internal organs

51
Q

Describe the dorsal today cavity and it’s 2 subdivisions

A

Located near the dorsal surface of the body containing the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal.

52
Q

Describe the cranial cavity

A

Formed by the cranial bones which surround and protect the brain

53
Q

Describe the vertebral (spinal) canal

A

Formed by the bones of the vertebral column, which surround and protect the spinal cord

54
Q

Describe the ventral cavity

A

The diaphragm subdivides the ventral cavity into and upper thoracic cavity and a lower abdominopelvic cavity

55
Q

What is the thoracic cavity?

A

Contains 2 pleural cavities and the mediastinum which includes the pericardial cavity

56
Q

Describe the pleural cavities

A

Enclose the lungs and the pericardial cavity surround the heart

57
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

A broad, median partition between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column. It contains everything in the thoracic cavity except the lungs

58
Q

What 2 cavities is the abdominopelvic cavity divided into?

A

Superior abdominal and inferior pelvic cavity

59
Q

To easily describe the location of the organs the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into 9 regions which are….

A

Right hypochondriac, right lumbar, right inguinal (iliac), epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric, left hypochondriac, left lumbar, left inguinal (iliac)

60
Q

In clinical studies, to locate the site of an abdominopelvic abnormality it is divided into quadrants. What are they?

A

Right upper quadrant (RUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ)

61
Q

Superior (cephalic or cranial)

A

Toward the head or upper part of a structure

62
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

Away from the head or the lower part of a structure

63
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

Nearer to or at the front of the body

64
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Nearer to or at the back of the body

65
Q

Medial

A

Nearer to the midline, an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal left and right sides

66
Q

Lateral

A

Farther from the midline or midsagittal plane

67
Q

Intermediate

A

Between two structures

68
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body as another structure

69
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side of the body from another structure

70
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the point of origin or the beginning

71
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the point of origin or the beginning

72
Q

Superficial (external)

A

Toward or on the surface of the body

73
Q

Deep (internal)

A

Away from the surface of the body

74
Q

If the body is lying face down it is in the ___ position.

A

Prone

75
Q

If the body is lying face up it is in the ___ position.

A

Supine

76
Q

What is a serous membrane?

A

A slippery double layered membrane associated with body cavities that do not open directly to the exterior. They contain a parietal layer (lines the walls of the cavities), visceral layer (covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities).

77
Q

The ___ is the anatomical region medial to the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm.

A

Mediastinum

78
Q

Visceral membrane

A

Fluid that touches the organ

79
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

The membrane that surrounds the outside of the organ to protect it

BIOL1593 Midterm 1 (9 decks)

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