Module 1 An Into To The Human Body Flashcards
Introduce 2 scientific disciplines that study the human body, examine how the body constantly regulates its internal environment, consider the interactions between individual body systems, establish a basic scientifically acknowledged vocab for understanding the human body.
Define anatomy and physiology
Anatomy is defined as the study of structure and the relationships among structures. Physiology is the study of how body structures function.
Describe the different levels of organization in the human body
The chemical level; atoms and molecules, cells, tissues, organs, systems, the human organism.
The smallest units of matter that participate in the chemical reactions and molecules which are 2 or more atoms joined together are from what level of organization in the human body
The chemical level
The basic structural and functional units of an organism
Cells
Consists of groups of similarly specialized cells and the substances surrounding them that usually arise from a common ancestor and perform certain special functions
Tissues
Structures of definite form that have specific functions and are composed of 2 or more different tissues
Organs
Consists of related organs that have a common function
The systems level
What is a collection of structurally and functionally integrated systems
The organismal level
List the major body systems
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive
Describe the functions of the integumentary system (skin, hair, nails, sweat glands and oil glands)
Helps regulate body temp, protects the body, eliminates some waste, helps make vitamin D, detects sensations, stores fat, and provides insulation
Describe the functions of the skeletal system (bones, joints, and associated cartilages)
Supports and protects the body, provides a specific area for muscles attachment, assists with body movements, stores cells that produce blood cells, and stores minerals and lipids
Describe the functions of the muscular system (skeletal muscle tissue, smooth and cardiac muscle tissues)
Participates in body movements such as walking, maintaining posture and produces heat
Describe the functions of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs-eyes and ears)
Regulates body activities through nerve impulses by detecting changes in the environment, interpreting the changes, and responding to the changes by bringing about muscular contractions or glandular secretions
Describe the functions of the endocrine system (all glands and tissues that produces chemical regulators of body functions, called hormones)
Regulates body activities through hormones transported by the blood to various target organs
Describe the functions of the cardiovascular system (blood, heart, and blood vessels)
Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acidity, temperature and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and men’s damaged blood vessels
Describe the function of the lymphatic and immunity system (lymphatic fluid, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses- B and T cells)
Returns proteins and fluids to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B and T cells that protect against disease- causing microbes
Describe the functions of the respiratory system (lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchial tubes)
Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acidity of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds
Describe the functions of the digestive system (organs of the gastrointestinal tract, including the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus-also salivary glands, gall bladder, pancreas)
Physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes
Describe the functions of the urinary system (kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra)
Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids; maintains body’s mineral balance; helps regulate red blood cell production
Describe the functions of the reproductive system (gonads-testes and ovaries; uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, epididymis, ductus deferens, penis, mammary glands)
Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism and release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes, mammary glands produce milk
List the major characteristics of life
Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction
What major characteristic of life is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body, including catabolism and anabolism?
Metabolism
What is responsiveness?
The ability to detect and respond to the external or internal environment
Describe movement
Includes the motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even organelles inside the cells
What is growth?
An increase in size and complexity due to an increase in the number of cells, size of cells or both
What is differentiation?
The change in a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state
Describe reproduction
The formation of new cells for growth repair or replacement, or the production of a new individual cell
Define homeostasis
A condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment which is produced by ceaseless interplay of all the body’s regulatory processes
What systems is homeostasis regulated by?
The nervous system and the endocrine system which act together or independently
What does the nervous system do for homeostasis?
Detects changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract a disruption
What role does the endocrine system play in homeostasis?
Helps regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones
In homeostasis, nerve impulses cause _____ changes where as hormones usually work more ______.
Rapid, slowly
Define a feedback system
A cycle if events through which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back to a central control region
Any disruption that changes a controlled condition is called a ______
Stimulus
What 3 basic components does a feedback system contain?
A receptor, the control centre, an effector
What is a receptor within a feedback system?
Monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input as nerve impulses or chemical signals to a control centre
What is a control centre within a feedback system?
Sets the range of values for the maintenance of a controlled condition, evaluates the input recieved from the receptors and generates output commands when needed
What is an effector (within the feedback system)?
A body structure that receives output from the control centre and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
Define a negative feedback system and give an example
If a response reverses the original stimulus the system is a negative feedback system. Ex: BP
What is a positive feedback system and give an example
If a response enhances the original stimulus. Ex: childbirth
How are diseases, symptoms, and signs related to homeostatic imbalance?
A disruption of homeostasis can lead to disease and death. A disorder is a general term for any abnormality of function (which disturbs homeostasis)
Define disease
A more specific term for an illness characterized be a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
Define symptom and provide an example
Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer. Ex: fever, rash
Define signs and give an example
Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure. Ex: fever, rash
Describe the use of the anatomical position
A standardized method for observing or imaging the body, which allows precise and consistent anatomical references
Describe the anatomical position
The subject stands erect facing the observer; his/her upper extremities are placed at their side; their palms of their hands are turned forward; and their feet are flat on the floor
What are the principal planes of reference used to depict the structural arrangement of the human body?
Midsagittal (medial), parasagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse (cross-sectional or horizontal), and oblique
Name some commonly used directional terms to locate and relate body parts
Dorsal, superior, medial, ventral, inferior, lateral, and proximal
What are the 5 main common names on the anatomical descriptive form?
Head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, lower limbs
Identify the body cavities and describe their importance.
Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support the internal organs
Describe the dorsal today cavity and it’s 2 subdivisions
Located near the dorsal surface of the body containing the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal.
Describe the cranial cavity
Formed by the cranial bones which surround and protect the brain
Describe the vertebral (spinal) canal
Formed by the bones of the vertebral column, which surround and protect the spinal cord
Describe the ventral cavity
The diaphragm subdivides the ventral cavity into and upper thoracic cavity and a lower abdominopelvic cavity
What is the thoracic cavity?
Contains 2 pleural cavities and the mediastinum which includes the pericardial cavity
Describe the pleural cavities
Enclose the lungs and the pericardial cavity surround the heart
What is the mediastinum?
A broad, median partition between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column. It contains everything in the thoracic cavity except the lungs
What 2 cavities is the abdominopelvic cavity divided into?
Superior abdominal and inferior pelvic cavity
To easily describe the location of the organs the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into 9 regions which are….
Right hypochondriac, right lumbar, right inguinal (iliac), epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric, left hypochondriac, left lumbar, left inguinal (iliac)
In clinical studies, to locate the site of an abdominopelvic abnormality it is divided into quadrants. What are they?
Right upper quadrant (RUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ)
Superior (cephalic or cranial)
Toward the head or upper part of a structure
Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head or the lower part of a structure
Anterior (ventral)
Nearer to or at the front of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
Nearer to or at the back of the body
Medial
Nearer to the midline, an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal left and right sides
Lateral
Farther from the midline or midsagittal plane
Intermediate
Between two structures
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body as another structure
Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body from another structure
Proximal
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the point of origin or the beginning
Distal
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the point of origin or the beginning
Superficial (external)
Toward or on the surface of the body
Deep (internal)
Away from the surface of the body
If the body is lying face down it is in the ___ position.
Prone
If the body is lying face up it is in the ___ position.
Supine
What is a serous membrane?
A slippery double layered membrane associated with body cavities that do not open directly to the exterior. They contain a parietal layer (lines the walls of the cavities), visceral layer (covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities).
The ___ is the anatomical region medial to the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm.
Mediastinum
Visceral membrane
Fluid that touches the organ
Parietal pericardium
The membrane that surrounds the outside of the organ to protect it
