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BIOL1593 Midterm 1 > Midterm 1 Study Questions > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Study Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

A substance such as a salt, acid or base, that when put in water dissociates or ionized into ions. In solution, electrolytes conduct an electric current.

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2
Q

Discuss enzyme function.

A

They are catalysts that have specific active binding rates for certain substrates. Enzymes lower the energy of activation so that reactions in the cell can occur at appropriate rates.

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3
Q

Define the term lipid.

A

Lipids include most of the substances that are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents such as chloroform or ether.

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4
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A buffer is a combination of chemicals that minimizes changes in the pH of a solution when acids or bases are added.

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5
Q

Define the meaning of the term pH.

A

pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

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6
Q

Identify the monosaccharides and give 3 examples.

A

Monosaccharides are the simple sugars made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Ex: glucose, fructose and deoxyribose

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7
Q

What is a radioactive isotope?

A

A radioactive isotope is an isotope that is unstable and emits radiation as it breaks down.

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8
Q

What is an ionic bond? Give an ex of an ionically-bonded molecule.

A

An ionic bond is a weak bond between 2 oppositely charged ions. The bond breaks when the molecule is placed in water. Ex: sodium chloride.

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9
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids. Nucleotides are made up of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and 1 or more phosphate groups.

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10
Q

The most plentiful lipid in the human body is ___

A

Triglyceride

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11
Q

Saturated fat is saturated with ___

A

Hydrogen

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12
Q

Name a NON trace element.

A

Phosphorus

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13
Q

Which if the following would be the smallest in size? Atom, compound, electron, ion, proton

A

Electron

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14
Q

ATP belongs to the category of compounds known as ___?

A

Nucleic acids

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15
Q

What type of bonds hold water molecules together?

A

Covalent bonds

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16
Q

What is the anticodon?

A

A sequence of 3 nucleotides on a tRNA molecule which allows the tRNA to bind to a specific sequence of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA.

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17
Q

Describe the structure and location of the ribosomes.

A

Ribosomes are small globular granules made of ribosomal RNA and protein. They can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

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18
Q

Define the terms transcription and translation.

A

Transcription is the copying of a base sequence of DNA into a base sequence of RNA. Translation is the use of a base sequence of mRNA to assemble a corresponding sequence of amino acids.

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19
Q

What is a gene? What is its function?

A

A gene us a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA that determines the amino acid sequence of a protein.

20
Q

List 3 functions of the cell membrane.

A

Channel, transporter, receptor, enzymes, anchor, identity marker.

21
Q

What is the function of the microtubules?

A

Provide shape and structural support for cells. Provide the mechanism for the movement of cilia and flagella, and for the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.

22
Q

Describe the cytosol of the cell.

A

The viscous fluid within which the organelles and inclusions are suspended. It is the site of most intracellular chemical reactions.

23
Q

Where is simple squamous tissue found?

A

Lines blood vessels

24
Q

Where is simple cuboidal tissue found?

A

Lines kidney tubules

25
Q

Where is simple columnar tissue found?

A

Lines the intestine

26
Q

Where is stratified squamous tissue found?

A

Lines the mouth

27
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal tissue found?

A

Ducts of adult sweat glands

28
Q

Where is pseudostratified tissue found?

A

Upper respiratory tract

29
Q

For what functions is simple squamous epithelium specialized?

A

Filtration, diffusion, covering or lining, and secretion

30
Q

The surface of an epithelial cell closest to the basement membrane is the __ __.

A

Basal surface

31
Q

What is the principal difference between mucous and serous membranes?

A

Mucous membranes line cavities that open to the exterior, whereas serous membranes line cavities that do not open to the exterior of the body.

32
Q

What is the unique feature of cartilage as a type of connective tissue?

A

Cartilage generally lacks blood vessels and nerves

33
Q

What 2 components make up an epithelial membrane?

A

An epithelial layer and an underlying layer of connective tissue

34
Q

Blood is a liquid connective tissue; the fluid portion is call the __; and the formed portion is made up of 3 cell types: __, __, and __.

A

Plasma;

Erythrocytes, leucocytes, and thrombocytes

35
Q

List 3 types of muscle tissues and state whether they are under voluntary or involuntary control.

A

Skeletal (voluntary). Cardiac (involuntary). Smooth (involuntary).

36
Q

List 3 general functions of connective tissue.

A

Protection, support, bind organs together

37
Q

Nerve tissue is made up of 2 principal cell types:

A

Neurons, neuroglia

38
Q

Describe the structure of the basement membrane.

A

Made up of a cellular layer of collagen and glycoproteins called the basal lamina; often, it is underlain with a layer of reticular fibres and glycoproteins called the reticular lamina

39
Q

The ground substance of CT contains complex molecules including ___ and w/in this material are 3 types of fibres; __, __ and __. The most common cell type in areolar CT is the __. A second cell type that functions in bacterial phagocytosis is called the __. Other cells include __, __ and __.

A 
Intracellular matrix (hyaluronic acid).
Collagen, elastic, reticular.
Fibroblast.
Macrophage.
Mast cells, plasma cells and adipocytes.
40
Q

The solids of blood include the following:

A

Monocytes, platelets, neutrophils, erythrocytes

41
Q

The serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity is called the __; whereas the membrane lining the cavity containing the heart is called the __.

A

Pluera

pericardium

42
Q

If a tissue has elastic collagenous and reticular fibres in an unorganized arrangement, the tissue could be:

A

Areolar connective tissue

43
Q

Tendons and ligaments are composed primarily of:

A

Dense regular fibrous connective tissue

44
Q

Which is true concerning cartilage?

A

Except for cartilage in the pericardium, cartilage has no blood vessels or nerves.

45
Q

The linings of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts are composed of:

A

Mucous membranes

BIOL1593 Midterm 1 (9 decks)

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