Midterm 1 Study Questions

Question 1

What is an electrolyte?

Answer 1

A substance such as a salt, acid or base, that when put in water dissociates or ionized into ions. In solution, electrolytes conduct an electric current.

Question 2

Discuss enzyme function.

Answer 2

They are catalysts that have specific active binding rates for certain substrates. Enzymes lower the energy of activation so that reactions in the cell can occur at appropriate rates.

Question 3

Define the term lipid.

Answer 3

Lipids include most of the substances that are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents such as chloroform or ether.

Question 4

What is a buffer?

Answer 4

A buffer is a combination of chemicals that minimizes changes in the pH of a solution when acids or bases are added.

Question 5

Define the meaning of the term pH.

Answer 5

pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

Question 6

Identify the monosaccharides and give 3 examples.

Answer 6

Monosaccharides are the simple sugars made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Ex: glucose, fructose and deoxyribose

Question 7

What is a radioactive isotope?

Answer 7

A radioactive isotope is an isotope that is unstable and emits radiation as it breaks down.

Question 8

What is an ionic bond? Give an ex of an ionically-bonded molecule.

Answer 8

An ionic bond is a weak bond between 2 oppositely charged ions. The bond breaks when the molecule is placed in water. Ex: sodium chloride.

Question 9

What are nucleotides?

Answer 9

Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids. Nucleotides are made up of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and 1 or more phosphate groups.

Question 10

The most plentiful lipid in the human body is ___

Answer 10

Triglyceride

Question 11

Saturated fat is saturated with ___

Answer 11

Hydrogen

Question 12

Name a NON trace element.

Answer 12

Phosphorus

Question 13

Which if the following would be the smallest in size? Atom, compound, electron, ion, proton

Answer 13

Electron

Question 14

ATP belongs to the category of compounds known as ___?

Answer 14

Nucleic acids

Question 15

What type of bonds hold water molecules together?

Answer 15

Covalent bonds

Question 16

What is the anticodon?

Answer 16

A sequence of 3 nucleotides on a tRNA molecule which allows the tRNA to bind to a specific sequence of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA.

Question 17

Describe the structure and location of the ribosomes.

Answer 17

Ribosomes are small globular granules made of ribosomal RNA and protein. They can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 18

Define the terms transcription and translation.

Answer 18

Transcription is the copying of a base sequence of DNA into a base sequence of RNA. Translation is the use of a base sequence of mRNA to assemble a corresponding sequence of amino acids.

Question 19

What is a gene? What is its function?

Answer 19

A gene us a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA that determines the amino acid sequence of a protein.

Question 20

List 3 functions of the cell membrane.

Answer 20

Channel, transporter, receptor, enzymes, anchor, identity marker.

Question 21

What is the function of the microtubules?

Answer 21

Provide shape and structural support for cells. Provide the mechanism for the movement of cilia and flagella, and for the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.

Question 22

Describe the cytosol of the cell.

Answer 22

The viscous fluid within which the organelles and inclusions are suspended. It is the site of most intracellular chemical reactions.

Question 23

Where is simple squamous tissue found?

Answer 23

Lines blood vessels

Question 24

Where is simple cuboidal tissue found?

Answer 24

Lines kidney tubules

Question 25

Where is simple columnar tissue found?

Answer 25

Lines the intestine

Question 26

Where is stratified squamous tissue found?

Answer 26

Lines the mouth

Question 27

Where is stratified cuboidal tissue found?

Answer 27

Ducts of adult sweat glands

Question 28

Where is pseudostratified tissue found?

Answer 28

Upper respiratory tract

Question 29

For what functions is simple squamous epithelium specialized?

Answer 29

Filtration, diffusion, covering or lining, and secretion

Question 30

The surface of an epithelial cell closest to the basement membrane is the __ __.

Answer 30

Basal surface

Question 31

What is the principal difference between mucous and serous membranes?

Answer 31

Mucous membranes line cavities that open to the exterior, whereas serous membranes line cavities that do not open to the exterior of the body.

Question 32

What is the unique feature of cartilage as a type of connective tissue?

Answer 32

Cartilage generally lacks blood vessels and nerves

Question 33

What 2 components make up an epithelial membrane?

Answer 33

An epithelial layer and an underlying layer of connective tissue

Question 34

Blood is a liquid connective tissue; the fluid portion is call the __; and the formed portion is made up of 3 cell types: __, __, and __.

Answer 34

Plasma; | Erythrocytes, leucocytes, and thrombocytes

Question 35

List 3 types of muscle tissues and state whether they are under voluntary or involuntary control.

Answer 35

Skeletal (voluntary). Cardiac (involuntary). Smooth (involuntary).

Question 36

List 3 general functions of connective tissue.

Answer 36

Protection, support, bind organs together

Question 37

Nerve tissue is made up of 2 principal cell types:

Answer 37

Neurons, neuroglia

Question 38

Describe the structure of the basement membrane.

Answer 38

Made up of a cellular layer of collagen and glycoproteins called the basal lamina; often, it is underlain with a layer of reticular fibres and glycoproteins called the reticular lamina

Question 39

The ground substance of CT contains complex molecules including ___ and w/in this material are 3 types of fibres; __, __ and __. The most common cell type in areolar CT is the __. A second cell type that functions in bacterial phagocytosis is called the __. Other cells include __, __ and __.

Answer 39

``` Intracellular matrix (hyaluronic acid). Collagen, elastic, reticular. Fibroblast. Macrophage. Mast cells, plasma cells and adipocytes. ```

Question 40

The solids of blood include the following:

Answer 40

Monocytes, platelets, neutrophils, erythrocytes

Question 41

The serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity is called the __; whereas the membrane lining the cavity containing the heart is called the __.

Answer 41

Pluera | pericardium

Question 42

If a tissue has elastic collagenous and reticular fibres in an unorganized arrangement, the tissue could be:

Answer 42

Areolar connective tissue

Question 43

Tendons and ligaments are composed primarily of:

Answer 43

Dense regular fibrous connective tissue

Question 44

Which is true concerning cartilage?

Answer 44

Except for cartilage in the pericardium, cartilage has no blood vessels or nerves.

Question 45

The linings of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts are composed of:

Answer 45

Mucous membranes