Midterm 1 Study Questions Flashcards
What is an electrolyte?
A substance such as a salt, acid or base, that when put in water dissociates or ionized into ions. In solution, electrolytes conduct an electric current.
Discuss enzyme function.
They are catalysts that have specific active binding rates for certain substrates. Enzymes lower the energy of activation so that reactions in the cell can occur at appropriate rates.
Define the term lipid.
Lipids include most of the substances that are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents such as chloroform or ether.
What is a buffer?
A buffer is a combination of chemicals that minimizes changes in the pH of a solution when acids or bases are added.
Define the meaning of the term pH.
pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
Identify the monosaccharides and give 3 examples.
Monosaccharides are the simple sugars made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Ex: glucose, fructose and deoxyribose
What is a radioactive isotope?
A radioactive isotope is an isotope that is unstable and emits radiation as it breaks down.
What is an ionic bond? Give an ex of an ionically-bonded molecule.
An ionic bond is a weak bond between 2 oppositely charged ions. The bond breaks when the molecule is placed in water. Ex: sodium chloride.
What are nucleotides?
Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids. Nucleotides are made up of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and 1 or more phosphate groups.
The most plentiful lipid in the human body is ___
Triglyceride
Saturated fat is saturated with ___
Hydrogen
Name a NON trace element.
Phosphorus
Which if the following would be the smallest in size? Atom, compound, electron, ion, proton
Electron
ATP belongs to the category of compounds known as ___?
Nucleic acids
What type of bonds hold water molecules together?
Covalent bonds
What is the anticodon?
A sequence of 3 nucleotides on a tRNA molecule which allows the tRNA to bind to a specific sequence of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA.
Describe the structure and location of the ribosomes.
Ribosomes are small globular granules made of ribosomal RNA and protein. They can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Define the terms transcription and translation.
Transcription is the copying of a base sequence of DNA into a base sequence of RNA. Translation is the use of a base sequence of mRNA to assemble a corresponding sequence of amino acids.
What is a gene? What is its function?
A gene us a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA that determines the amino acid sequence of a protein.
List 3 functions of the cell membrane.
Channel, transporter, receptor, enzymes, anchor, identity marker.
What is the function of the microtubules?
Provide shape and structural support for cells. Provide the mechanism for the movement of cilia and flagella, and for the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.
Describe the cytosol of the cell.
The viscous fluid within which the organelles and inclusions are suspended. It is the site of most intracellular chemical reactions.
Where is simple squamous tissue found?
Lines blood vessels
Where is simple cuboidal tissue found?
Lines kidney tubules
Where is simple columnar tissue found?
Lines the intestine
Where is stratified squamous tissue found?
Lines the mouth
Where is stratified cuboidal tissue found?
Ducts of adult sweat glands
Where is pseudostratified tissue found?
Upper respiratory tract
For what functions is simple squamous epithelium specialized?
Filtration, diffusion, covering or lining, and secretion
The surface of an epithelial cell closest to the basement membrane is the __ __.
Basal surface
What is the principal difference between mucous and serous membranes?
Mucous membranes line cavities that open to the exterior, whereas serous membranes line cavities that do not open to the exterior of the body.
What is the unique feature of cartilage as a type of connective tissue?
Cartilage generally lacks blood vessels and nerves
What 2 components make up an epithelial membrane?
An epithelial layer and an underlying layer of connective tissue
Blood is a liquid connective tissue; the fluid portion is call the __; and the formed portion is made up of 3 cell types: __, __, and __.
Plasma;
Erythrocytes, leucocytes, and thrombocytes
List 3 types of muscle tissues and state whether they are under voluntary or involuntary control.
Skeletal (voluntary). Cardiac (involuntary). Smooth (involuntary).
List 3 general functions of connective tissue.
Protection, support, bind organs together
Nerve tissue is made up of 2 principal cell types:
Neurons, neuroglia
Describe the structure of the basement membrane.
Made up of a cellular layer of collagen and glycoproteins called the basal lamina; often, it is underlain with a layer of reticular fibres and glycoproteins called the reticular lamina
The ground substance of CT contains complex molecules including ___ and w/in this material are 3 types of fibres; __, __ and __. The most common cell type in areolar CT is the __. A second cell type that functions in bacterial phagocytosis is called the __. Other cells include __, __ and __.
Intracellular matrix (hyaluronic acid). Collagen, elastic, reticular. Fibroblast. Macrophage. Mast cells, plasma cells and adipocytes.
The solids of blood include the following:
Monocytes, platelets, neutrophils, erythrocytes
The serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity is called the __; whereas the membrane lining the cavity containing the heart is called the __.
Pluera
pericardium
If a tissue has elastic collagenous and reticular fibres in an unorganized arrangement, the tissue could be:
Areolar connective tissue
Tendons and ligaments are composed primarily of:
Dense regular fibrous connective tissue
Which is true concerning cartilage?
Except for cartilage in the pericardium, cartilage has no blood vessels or nerves.
The linings of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts are composed of:
Mucous membranes
