Module 1 Abnormalities of Cellular Growth, Care of the Cancer Patient Flashcards
1
Q
What is Oncology
A
Study of cancer
2
Q
Where does cancer rank in regards to cause of death
A
2nd in U.S.
3
Q
Process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells
A
Carcinogenesis
4
Q
Substance known to increase the risk for developing cancer
A
Carcinogens
5
Q
What is the % of smokers that will develop cancer
A
87%
6
Q
Acronym used for the seven warning signals
A
CAUTION
7
Q
How often should a fecal occult blood test be done
A
Yearly
8
Q
How often should a Flexible sigmoidoscopy be done
A
every 5 years
9
Q
How often should a Colonoscopy be done
A
every 10 years
10
Q
How often should a Contrast barium enema be done
A
every 5 years
11
Q
When should men begin to get screened for prostate cancer
A
At age 50
12
Q
What are the two tests we use to detect Prostate cancer
A
Digital rectal exam
Prostate specific antigen
13
Q
When should african american men start getting tested for Prostate Cancer
A
At age 45
14
Q
When should females begin cervical cancer screening (Pap smear)
A
Age 21
15
Q
Most serious form of skin cancer
A
Melanoma
16
Q
Malignant cells are also called
A
Cancerous cells
17
Q
mass of abnormal growth of cells, swelling or enlargement
A
tumor
18
Q
What is a Oma
A
Tumor
19
Q
Cancer that originates from epithelial cells
A
Carcinoma
20
Q
Cancer that originates from cells that fight infection
A
Lymphoma
21
Q
Cancer that originates from organs that form blood
A
Leukemia
22
Q
Cancer that originates from connective tissue (Bone or muscle)
A
Sarcoma
23
Q
Tumors that are localized, have slow growth, are non-recurrent, and are encapsulated are
A
Benign Tumors
24
Q
Tumors that are invasive, grow rapidly, can recur, and Metastasizes are
A
Malignant Tumors
25
Process by which tumor cells spread to distant parts of the body
Metastasis
26
How can tumor cells spread (3)
Direct spread
Circulation
Transplantation
27
Removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic exam
Biopsy
28
Removal of portion of tissue for Biopsy
Incisional
29
Removal of complete lesion with little or no surrounding tissue removed
Excisional
30
Used to detect cervical cancer. Scrapings of secretions and cells are taken from the cervix and spread on a glass slide for microscopic examination
Papanicolaou Smear
31
In terms of malignancy (Grade 1-4) the higher the grade the ______ malignant, the lower the grade the _______ malignant
```
Higher = more malignant
Lower = Least malignant
```
32
In terms of differentiated (Grade 1-4) the higher the grade the ______ differentiated, the lower the grade the _______ differentiated
```
Higher = Least differentiated
Lower = Most differentiated
```
33
In the TNM Classification System the T stands for
Tumor Size & invasiveness
34
In the TNM Classification System the N stands for
Presence & extent of lymph node involvement
35
In the TNM Classification System the M stands for
extent of metastasis
36
Another word for the fecal occult blood test is
The Guaiac test
37
HPV has a connection to
Pap smear
38
Define mammogram
X-ray with the breasts flattened
39
What method are doctors going to now to use to diagnose or rule out lung cancer
Catscan
40
What is the only way to diagnose cancer
Do a biopsy
41
After a bronchoscopy what is a priority nursing intervention
nothing to eat or drink until gag reflex comes back
42
Bronchoscopy is used to visualize the
Trachea-Bronchial Tree
43
Proctosigmoidoscopy is used to visualize
sigmoid colon, rectum, anus
44
Graphy is another term for
X-ray
45
Before a cat scan is conducted what is something we must check for
patients allergies to iodine and seafood
46
After a cat scan is done what is something we must do
Force fluids to get dye out
47
How do bone cancers develop
Usually from another cancer that becomes metastatic
48
A bone scan is used for
Metastatic tumors
49
An elevation in the Alkaline Phosphatase indicates
Mets to the bone or liver
50
An elevation in Serum Calcitonin means
Cancer to the thyroid, breast, or lung
51
The production of this cell stops before birth, but begins again in the presence of a neoplasm
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
52
Carcinoembryonic Antigen is found in what type of cancer
Colorectal Cancer
53
What test is used to detect Ovarian cancer
CA 125
54
How should a Stool exam be performed
Take specimen on 3 consecutive bowel movements
55
What should the patient avoid before stool exam
NSAIDS, Aspirin, Red Meats, Turnips, Melons, Vit C
56
Palliative Care is
Not going to cure, just to reduce
57
Radiation therapy PRE OP can be used to
Reduce size of tumor
58
Radiation therapy POST OP can be used to
get any malignant cells out that surgery did not get
59
When cleaning radiation site what should we clean it with
WATER ONLY
60
Alopecia is
Loss of hair
61
Difference between Seales Internal therapy and Unsealed Internal Therapy is that
Unsealed drug will absorb throughout body, Sealed drug will be placed in specific spot
62
Define the acronym TDS
```
T = Spend minimum TIME close to radiation source
D = maintain greatest possible DISTANCE from radiation source
S = SHIELD self with lead gloves & aprons as needed
```
63
The Hematopoietic System is
Bone Marrow
64
Chemotherapy greatly affects what system
Hematopoietic System
65
Decrease in WBC's due to bone marrow depression
Leukopenia
66
Patients with Leukopenia will be placed on
Neutropenic precautions
67
Leukopenia can lead to _______ which leads to chance of candida albicans
stomatitis
68
Decrease in RBC's due to depressed bone marrow
Anemia
69
It is important that patients with Anemia receive
Frequent rest periods
70
Decreased platelet count due to depressed bone marrow
Thrombocytopenia
71
Inflammation of the oral mucosa (can get mild to severe ulcerations)
Stomatitis
72
It is important that patients with Stomatitis avoid
Spicy/Citrusy foods
73
Antiemetics and Antidiarrheals should be given
1/2 hour before treatment/meals
74
Tumor lysis Syndrome can come from
Chemotherapy
75
Tumor lysis Syndrome causes increase in what lab value
Potassium level
76
Tumor lysis Syndrome can lead to
Renal Failure
77
Therapy where meds are given to help immune system fight the cancer is
Immunotherapy
78
Medications given in Immunotherapy are called
Biological Response Modifiers (BRM)
79
During a Bone Marrow Transplantation Bone marrow is aspirated from the
iliac crest
80
What is most important thing in advanced cancer patients
Pain control
81
Pain and Malnutrition usually develops when during cancer
later
82
What is the main narcotic in pain management
Morphine
83
When do we hold pain meds
Resp below 12
84
What two vital signs drops with Pain med
Resp and B/P
85
What should we constantly be checking after administering pain meds
Level of consciousness
86
Cancer cells divert from nutrients from normal cells breaking down body tissue, fat & muscle; rapid weight loss occurs
Anorexia-Cachexia Syndrome
87
What will the diet be with patients that have Anorexia-Cachexia Syndrome (3)
Small Frequent meals
High Protein
High calories
88
Not curative care; making end of life as comfortable as possible
Hospice Care
89
Elevated uric acid leads to
Gout
90
Increased potassium can lead to
Renal Failure
91
Palliative surgery differs from Reconstructive surgery in what way
Palliative is to relieve symptoms not to cure
92
Direct imaging differs from X-ray because
Direct imaging uses scopes and goes into the body
93
Ill health, malnutrition, and wasting as a result of chronic disease
cachexia
94
Cancerous, meaning tumors tend or threaten death
Malignant
95
Any abnormal growth of new tissue, which may be benign or malignant
Neoplasm
96
Malignant neoplasm of connective tissue arising in fibrous, fatty, muscular, synovial, vascular, or neural tissue
Sarcoma
97
Therapy used after surgery to try to prevent metastases
Adjuvant Therapy
98
Against cancer is
Antineoplastic
99
What kind of breathing may an impending death patient have
Cheyne-stokes
100
What is the last sense to disappear
Hearing
101
Stiffness in muscle (reason we out dentures in ASAP)
Rigormortis
102
Use of recreational drugs along with stress decreases
Function of immune system
103
4 main warning signs
Changes in bowel habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Nagging cough or hoarseness
104
ACS recommends Colon Cancer screening begin at age
50
105
ACS recommends Prostate Cancer screening begin at age ____ for African American Men
45
106
When is the best time to perform a self breast exam
1 week after menstruation
107
After age 40 women should have ______ done annually
Mammogram
108
Localized, with slow growth indicates a
Benign Tumor
109
Invasive that metastasizes indicates a
Malignant Tumor
110
Crowds normal tissue, however resembles parent tissue indicates a
Benign Tumor
111
Unlike parent tissue and travels indicates a
Malignant Tumor
112
In a G.I. series what do we use as the contrast medium
Barium sulfate
113
Before a cat scan is done what allergies must we check for
Iodine, seafood
114
During a radioisotope study how long will patient have radiation post study
24 hours
115
What should patient avoid as common gifts from visitors if they have leukopenia
Fresh fruit or flowers
116
Biological Response Modifiers are used for
Immunotherapy
117
Biological Response Modifiers make the immune system
Fight the cancer
118
Bone Marrow Transplant, where its removed from patient for use at a later time is called
Autologous
119
Bone Marrow Transplant, where marrow is removed from another person; may precipitate Graphed vs. post disease, is called
Allogeneic
120
During an Allogeneic transplant there is always a chance for
Rejection
121
What are two foods that greatly increase cancer risk
Butter, ice cream
122
Why is morphine given
To help patient breathe more comfortably
