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Pelicano 3rd Semester > Module 1 Abnormalities of Cellular Growth, Care of the Cancer Patient > Flashcards

Module 1 Abnormalities of Cellular Growth, Care of the Cancer Patient Flashcards

1
Q

What is Oncology

A

Study of cancer

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2
Q

Where does cancer rank in regards to cause of death

A

2nd in U.S.

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3
Q

Process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells

A

Carcinogenesis

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4
Q

Substance known to increase the risk for developing cancer

A

Carcinogens

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5
Q

What is the % of smokers that will develop cancer

A

87%

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6
Q

Acronym used for the seven warning signals

A

CAUTION

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7
Q

How often should a fecal occult blood test be done

A

Yearly

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8
Q

How often should a Flexible sigmoidoscopy be done

A

every 5 years

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9
Q

How often should a Colonoscopy be done

A

every 10 years

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10
Q

How often should a Contrast barium enema be done

A

every 5 years

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11
Q

When should men begin to get screened for prostate cancer

A

At age 50

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12
Q

What are the two tests we use to detect Prostate cancer

A

Digital rectal exam

Prostate specific antigen

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13
Q

When should african american men start getting tested for Prostate Cancer

A

At age 45

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14
Q

When should females begin cervical cancer screening (Pap smear)

A

Age 21

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15
Q

Most serious form of skin cancer

A

Melanoma

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16
Q

Malignant cells are also called

A

Cancerous cells

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17
Q

mass of abnormal growth of cells, swelling or enlargement

A

tumor

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18
Q

What is a Oma

A

Tumor

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19
Q

Cancer that originates from epithelial cells

A

Carcinoma

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20
Q

Cancer that originates from cells that fight infection

A

Lymphoma

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21
Q

Cancer that originates from organs that form blood

A

Leukemia

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22
Q

Cancer that originates from connective tissue (Bone or muscle)

A

Sarcoma

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23
Q

Tumors that are localized, have slow growth, are non-recurrent, and are encapsulated are

A

Benign Tumors

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24
Q

Tumors that are invasive, grow rapidly, can recur, and Metastasizes are

A

Malignant Tumors

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25
Q

Process by which tumor cells spread to distant parts of the body

A

Metastasis

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26
Q

How can tumor cells spread (3)

A

Direct spread
Circulation
Transplantation

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27
Q

Removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic exam

A

Biopsy

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28
Q

Removal of portion of tissue for Biopsy

A

Incisional

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29
Q

Removal of complete lesion with little or no surrounding tissue removed

A

Excisional

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30
Q

Used to detect cervical cancer. Scrapings of secretions and cells are taken from the cervix and spread on a glass slide for microscopic examination

A

Papanicolaou Smear

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31
Q

In terms of malignancy (Grade 1-4) the higher the grade the ______ malignant, the lower the grade the _______ malignant

A 
Higher = more malignant
Lower = Least malignant
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32
Q

In terms of differentiated (Grade 1-4) the higher the grade the ______ differentiated, the lower the grade the _______ differentiated

A 
Higher = Least differentiated 
Lower = Most differentiated
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33
Q

In the TNM Classification System the T stands for

A

Tumor Size & invasiveness

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34
Q

In the TNM Classification System the N stands for

A

Presence & extent of lymph node involvement

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35
Q

In the TNM Classification System the M stands for

A

extent of metastasis

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36
Q

Another word for the fecal occult blood test is

A

The Guaiac test

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37
Q

HPV has a connection to

A

Pap smear

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38
Q

Define mammogram

A

X-ray with the breasts flattened

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39
Q

What method are doctors going to now to use to diagnose or rule out lung cancer

A

Catscan

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40
Q

What is the only way to diagnose cancer

A

Do a biopsy

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41
Q

After a bronchoscopy what is a priority nursing intervention

A

nothing to eat or drink until gag reflex comes back

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42
Q

Bronchoscopy is used to visualize the

A

Trachea-Bronchial Tree

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43
Q

Proctosigmoidoscopy is used to visualize

A

sigmoid colon, rectum, anus

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44
Q

Graphy is another term for

A

X-ray

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45
Q

Before a cat scan is conducted what is something we must check for

A

patients allergies to iodine and seafood

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46
Q

After a cat scan is done what is something we must do

A

Force fluids to get dye out

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47
Q

How do bone cancers develop

A

Usually from another cancer that becomes metastatic

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48
Q

A bone scan is used for

A

Metastatic tumors

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49
Q

An elevation in the Alkaline Phosphatase indicates

A

Mets to the bone or liver

50
Q

An elevation in Serum Calcitonin means

A

Cancer to the thyroid, breast, or lung

51
Q

The production of this cell stops before birth, but begins again in the presence of a neoplasm

A

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

52
Q

Carcinoembryonic Antigen is found in what type of cancer

A

Colorectal Cancer

53
Q

What test is used to detect Ovarian cancer

A

CA 125

54
Q

How should a Stool exam be performed

A

Take specimen on 3 consecutive bowel movements

55
Q

What should the patient avoid before stool exam

A

NSAIDS, Aspirin, Red Meats, Turnips, Melons, Vit C

56
Q

Palliative Care is

A

Not going to cure, just to reduce

57
Q

Radiation therapy PRE OP can be used to

A

Reduce size of tumor

58
Q

Radiation therapy POST OP can be used to

A

get any malignant cells out that surgery did not get

59
Q

When cleaning radiation site what should we clean it with

A

WATER ONLY

60
Q

Alopecia is

A

Loss of hair

61
Q

Difference between Seales Internal therapy and Unsealed Internal Therapy is that

A

Unsealed drug will absorb throughout body, Sealed drug will be placed in specific spot

62
Q

Define the acronym TDS

A 
T = Spend minimum TIME close to radiation source 
D = maintain greatest possible DISTANCE from radiation source 
S = SHIELD self with lead gloves & aprons as needed
63
Q

The Hematopoietic System is

A

Bone Marrow

64
Q

Chemotherapy greatly affects what system

A

Hematopoietic System

65
Q

Decrease in WBC’s due to bone marrow depression

A

Leukopenia

66
Q

Patients with Leukopenia will be placed on

A

Neutropenic precautions

67
Q

Leukopenia can lead to _______ which leads to chance of candida albicans

A

stomatitis

68
Q

Decrease in RBC’s due to depressed bone marrow

A

Anemia

69
Q

It is important that patients with Anemia receive

A

Frequent rest periods

70
Q

Decreased platelet count due to depressed bone marrow

A

Thrombocytopenia

71
Q

Inflammation of the oral mucosa (can get mild to severe ulcerations)

A

Stomatitis

72
Q

It is important that patients with Stomatitis avoid

A

Spicy/Citrusy foods

73
Q

Antiemetics and Antidiarrheals should be given

A

1/2 hour before treatment/meals

74
Q

Tumor lysis Syndrome can come from

A

Chemotherapy

75
Q

Tumor lysis Syndrome causes increase in what lab value

A

Potassium level

76
Q

Tumor lysis Syndrome can lead to

A

Renal Failure

77
Q

Therapy where meds are given to help immune system fight the cancer is

A

Immunotherapy

78
Q

Medications given in Immunotherapy are called

A

Biological Response Modifiers (BRM)

79
Q

During a Bone Marrow Transplantation Bone marrow is aspirated from the

A

iliac crest

80
Q

What is most important thing in advanced cancer patients

A

Pain control

81
Q

Pain and Malnutrition usually develops when during cancer

A

later

82
Q

What is the main narcotic in pain management

A

Morphine

83
Q

When do we hold pain meds

A

Resp below 12

84
Q

What two vital signs drops with Pain med

A

Resp and B/P

85
Q

What should we constantly be checking after administering pain meds

A

Level of consciousness

86
Q

Cancer cells divert from nutrients from normal cells breaking down body tissue, fat & muscle; rapid weight loss occurs

A

Anorexia-Cachexia Syndrome

87
Q

What will the diet be with patients that have Anorexia-Cachexia Syndrome (3)

A

Small Frequent meals
High Protein
High calories

88
Q

Not curative care; making end of life as comfortable as possible

A

Hospice Care

89
Q

Elevated uric acid leads to

A

Gout

90
Q

Increased potassium can lead to

A

Renal Failure

91
Q

Palliative surgery differs from Reconstructive surgery in what way

A

Palliative is to relieve symptoms not to cure

92
Q

Direct imaging differs from X-ray because

A

Direct imaging uses scopes and goes into the body

93
Q

Ill health, malnutrition, and wasting as a result of chronic disease

A

cachexia

94
Q

Cancerous, meaning tumors tend or threaten death

A

Malignant

95
Q

Any abnormal growth of new tissue, which may be benign or malignant

A

Neoplasm

96
Q

Malignant neoplasm of connective tissue arising in fibrous, fatty, muscular, synovial, vascular, or neural tissue

A

Sarcoma

97
Q

Therapy used after surgery to try to prevent metastases

A

Adjuvant Therapy

98
Q

Against cancer is

A

Antineoplastic

99
Q

What kind of breathing may an impending death patient have

A

Cheyne-stokes

100
Q

What is the last sense to disappear

A

Hearing

101
Q

Stiffness in muscle (reason we out dentures in ASAP)

A

Rigormortis

102
Q

Use of recreational drugs along with stress decreases

A

Function of immune system

103
Q

4 main warning signs

A

Changes in bowel habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Nagging cough or hoarseness

104
Q

ACS recommends Colon Cancer screening begin at age

A

50

105
Q

ACS recommends Prostate Cancer screening begin at age ____ for African American Men

A

45

106
Q

When is the best time to perform a self breast exam

A

1 week after menstruation

107
Q

After age 40 women should have ______ done annually

A

Mammogram

108
Q

Localized, with slow growth indicates a

A

Benign Tumor

109
Q

Invasive that metastasizes indicates a

A

Malignant Tumor

110
Q

Crowds normal tissue, however resembles parent tissue indicates a

A

Benign Tumor

111
Q

Unlike parent tissue and travels indicates a

A

Malignant Tumor

112
Q

In a G.I. series what do we use as the contrast medium

A

Barium sulfate

113
Q

Before a cat scan is done what allergies must we check for

A

Iodine, seafood

114
Q

During a radioisotope study how long will patient have radiation post study

A

24 hours

115
Q

What should patient avoid as common gifts from visitors if they have leukopenia

A

Fresh fruit or flowers

116
Q

Biological Response Modifiers are used for

A

Immunotherapy

117
Q

Biological Response Modifiers make the immune system

A

Fight the cancer

118
Q

Bone Marrow Transplant, where its removed from patient for use at a later time is called

A

Autologous

119
Q

Bone Marrow Transplant, where marrow is removed from another person; may precipitate Graphed vs. post disease, is called

A

Allogeneic

120
Q

During an Allogeneic transplant there is always a chance for

A

Rejection

121
Q

What are two foods that greatly increase cancer risk

A

Butter, ice cream

122
Q

Why is morphine given

A

To help patient breathe more comfortably

Pelicano 3rd Semester (6 decks)

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