Module 1 Flashcards
True or False: A virus is considered a microorganism
False. Viruses are not living and as such are not considered microorganisms. Viruses can, however, be classified as microbes, a more general term that includes microorganisms and viruses.
What is the smallest biological unit of life?
Cell
At a generalized level, all cells are comprised of what?
Macromolecules
How many different types of amino acids are available from which to make protein?
20
Define EAA
An essential amino acid cannot be produced by the human body and as such must be taken in from the environment through alternative sources (i.e) food.
What are the two major types of nucleic acids and their roles?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): Contains the genetic material as well as heredity
characteristics found in living organisms. RNA (ribonucleic acid): its role is for
decoding the sequence of heredity information found in DNA
Complete the following RNA strand, and indicate how many bonds are formed for each complementary pair:
3’ GGUCAUCG 5’
5’ CC ____AGC 3’
3’ GGUCAUCG 5’
5’ CCAGUAGC 3’
There are 2 bonds formed between A and U, and 3 bonds between G and C.
Athletic Therapy takes 2 years (AT = 2 hydrogen)
From Course: Further, base pairings between A-T results in two hydrogen bonds being formed, while G-C pairings results in the formation of three hydrogen bonds.
The plasma membrane (select all that are true):
A. Only restricts movement of materials into the cell
B. Is often a bilayer comprised of lipids
C. Cannot prevent essential nutrients from escaping
D. Contains hydrophobic tails pointing inward
B and D
Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms come together to form what primary
macromolecule? Give an example.
Polysaccharides. Glucose, sucrose and cellulose are all acceptable answers.
True or False: Eukaryotic cells do not have a nucleus
False. Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus (prokaryotic cells do not).
True or False: Prokaryotic cells can be subdivided into Bacteria and Archaea.
True
Describe the 4 basic bacterial morphologies.
Coccus (round/spherical), bacillus (rod), vibrio (curved rod) or spirillum (spiral/corkscrew).
True or False: Archaea, a eukaryotic class of microorganisms, are capable of
surviving harsh environments.
False. Archaea are prokaryotic bacteria capable of surviving harsh environments.
Which of the following microorganisms are considered to be Eukarya? Select all
that apply.
A. Animalia
B. Plantae
C. Fungi
D. Protista
ABCD
True of False: All multicellular microorganisms classified as Animalia are heterotropic.
True
Microorganisms classified as Plantae obtain most of their energy by converting ………….. energy into ………………….. energy.
Light (sunlight); chemical (sugars)
A defining characteristic of fungi is the presence of chitin in the cell walls. Which of following also contain chitin? Select all that apply.
A. Mushrooms
B. Bacteria
C. Yeast
D. Molds
A, C and D all contain chitin.
True or False: A defining characteristic of Protista is the inability of colonies to form tissue layers.
True.
Cell walls are found in which of the following (select all that apply):
A. Plants
B. Fungi
C. Bacteria
D. Mammalian cells
E. Algae
A, B, C, E
The function of the ribosome is (select all that apply):
A. Lipid synthesis
B. Protein synthesis
C. To produce energy (ATP)
D. Protein modification and distribution
E. Waste disposal via hydrolytic enzymes
B. Ribosomes are located in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells and in the ER of eukaryotic cells.
What are the four main types of macromolecules found in cells?
Proteins, Nucleids Acids, Lipids and Polysaccharides
Proteins are formed from various combinations of [answer1] of which there are [answer2] known forms.
Amino Acids ; 20 of them
Define an essential amino acid!
An essential amino acid cannot be produced by the human body and as such must be take in from the environment through alternative sources (i.e) food.
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms come together to form what primary macromolecule? Give an example
Polysaccharides. Glucose, sucrose and cellulose are all acceptable answers.
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi and Protista are all classification under what type of organism?
Only Eukarya contains animals, plants, fungi and protists.
Microorganisms classified as ———— obtain most of their energy by converting light energy into chemical energy.
Plantae
True or False: A defining characteristic of Protista is the inability of colonies to form tissue layers.
True
Cell walls are found in which of the following (select all that apply):
A. Plants
B. Fungi
C. Bacteria
D. Mammalian cells
E. Algae
ABCE
The function of the Golgi is
transport, sorting and modification of both protein and lipid, and the protein composition of the organelle reflects these functions.
True of False. All multicellular microorganisms classified as Animalia are heterotropic.
True
What are the two major types of nucleic acids and their roles?
There are two major types of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Nucleic acids are chemical molecules that carry genetic information within the cell. DNA contains a vast amount of hereditary information and is responsible for the inheritable characteristics of living organisms. RNA is responsible for deciphering the hereditary information in DNA and using it to synthesize proteins.
True of False: Eukaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.
False: Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus (prokaryotic cells do not).
Which of the following microorganisms are considered to be Eukarya? Select all that apply.
A. Animalia
B. Plantae
C. Fungi
D. Protista
ABCD
The function of the lysosome is (select all that apply):
A. Lipid synthesis
B. Protein synthesis
C. To produce energy (ATP)
D. Protein modification and distribution
E. Waste disposal via hydrolytic enzymes
E
True of False: All multicellular microorganisms classified as Animalia are heterotropic
True
The plasma membrane (select all that are true):
A. Restricts movement of materials in and out of the cell
B. Is often a triple layer comprised of lipids
C. Prevents essential nutrients from escaping
D. Contains hydrophobic tails pointing outward
A & C
How many carbon atoms are present in the polysaccharide glucose?
A. 1
B. 3
C. 6
D. 12
C
What is the molecular formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
Microorganisms classified as Plantae obtain most of their energy by converting —— energy into —— energy.
Light (sunlight); chemical (sugars)
A defining characteristic of fungi is the presence of chitin in the cell walls. Which of following also contain chitin? Select all that apply.
A. mushrooms
B. bacteria
C. yeast
D. molds
ACD
At a generalized level, all cells are comprised of what?
Macromolecules
Which of the following are considered Protista? Select all that apply.
A. Bacteria
B. Algae
C. Yeast
D. Amoeba
B and D
The function of the ribosome is (select all that apply):
A. Lipid synthesis
B. Protein synthesis
C. To produce energy (ATP)
D. Protein modification and distribution
E. Waste disposal via hydrolytic enzymes
B: Ribosomes are located in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells and in the ER of eukaryotic cells.
The function of the Golgi is (select all that apply):
A. Lipid synthesis
B. Protein synthesis
C. To produce energy (ATP)
D. Protein modification and distribution
E. Waste disposal via hydrolytic enzymes
D
True/False. A virus is classified as a microbe
True
Although viruses are not living and as such are not considered microorganisms, they can, however, be classified as microbes, a more general term that includes microorganisms and viruses.
At a generalized level, all cells are comprised of what?
Macromolecules*
*A student may also answer: Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids and Carbohydrates, but they must answer with all four to be fully correct.
How many amino acids are classified as being essential
9
Viruses can be classified as ———- ?
Microbes
How would you define heterotopic?
Must comsuyme nutrients from the enviornment for energy.
From Course: meaning they are incapable of producing their own energy, must absorb (consume) nutrients from the environment, and have the general characteristic of motility (the ability to move).
Which 4 Eukarya contain Chitin?
Hint: FMMY
Fungi, Mushroom, Mold, Yeast
What is the bacterial cell wall made of:
“Tidy Glue Can”
Peptidoglycan
Archaea lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Instead, the cell wall is composed primarily of what?
Surface Level Cells (S - Level)
