Module 1 Flashcards
What are nutrients
Substances needed by the organism for assembly of structural components, provision of energy and optimal function of the biochemical machinery
What are macronutrients
Substances that are required in large amounts
What are micronutrients
Substances that are required in trace amounts
Give examples of macronutrients
Carbs, proteins and fats
Give examples of micronutrient
Minerals and vitamins
What are the elemental composition of life and give an example
- highly abundant
Ex: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
-small amounts
Ex: calcium, potassium, iron, sodium
- detectable
Ex: boron, bromine, tin
What are the 2 things absolutely necessary for life
Energy ( light, heat, chemical) and raw materials ( carbon source, water, oxygen)
What are the polymers of carbs, proteins, nucleus acid and lipids
Carbs - polymers of simple sugars
Protein- polymers of amino acids
Nucleic acid- polymers of deoxyribonucleic acids
Lipids - no polymers
Explain why metabolism is anabolism and catabolism
Metabolism used nutrients as substrates to facilitate the assembly of high order structures and maintenance of life. So the metabolism destroys the food that we eat ( catabolism) and we absorb the nutrients and then the nutrients are put together to build blocks ( anabolism)
Life used raw materials for what?
Construction of strife, development and propagation of genetic material
Nutrients are bioactives. What do they do
1)components of cellular structures
2) substrates for energy production
3) regulates of cellular activity
True or false
Does gene control the metabolism of nutrients
True
What does it mean when the gene is repressed
It means that they are not completely turned off but they have very low basal activity
Explains lac operon of E.Coli
So lac I : encodes a repressor
There is 1 promoter that encodes 3 genes
The operator is not functional if it is not bind to the repressor. When the repressor binds t the operator it prevents the transcription of these genes
What sugars make lactose and what enzyme is responsible to break lactose
Galactose and glucose. B-galactosidase breaks lactose
Explain the metabolism of lactose in the mammalian gut
Someone ingest lactose, it will go to the small intestine where digestion will take place. In the small intestine is where lactose is present if someone doesn’t have enough, the bacteria in the colon will use the lactose and make glucose and galactose. The bacteria will cause a fermentation and it will produce gas
Explain how the lactose regulates the E.Coli lac operon
When there is not a lot lactose, the repressor will bind to the operator and it will block gene expression.
When there is a lot of lactose, the lac permease (LacY) is a channel that will let lactose come inside the cell. When there is a lot of lactose, the repressor will bind to the lactose instead of binding to the operator and so the promoter can activate the expression of the genes
Explains how cholesterol regulates the processing and activity of transcription factor SREBP
In low cholesterol concentration the SREBP and the other constitutes will migrate from the ER to the Golgi and by proteolytic cleavage it will release SREBP. SREBP will go to the nucleus and bind to the SRE ( sterial response element) and this will stimulate the expression of cholesterol synthesis and fatty acid biosynthesis. The cholesterol will bind to the structure in the membrane and INSIG will come along and make them stay together.
The presence of cholesterol will inactivate the system. And when it is not present it will activate in order to make more cholesterol
Regulation of gene expression by nutrients
Nutrients can affect gene expression in different areas. It can affect the translation, the transduction, transcription and even when the protein is already done iron can affect
Explain the regulation of protein and lipid biosynthesis
Nutrients affect MTORC1 which affects the increases proteins in the cell. And MTORC 1 also affect STRBP which increase synthesis of lipids
Growth factors can also increase protein and lipids
Cellular energy inhibits proteins and lipids biosynthesis
Tell if this will increase or decrease protein and lipids biosynthesis
1. Grow factor
2. Nutrients
3. Cellular energy status
1 and 2 : increase
3. Decrease
