Etiology Of Obesity

Question 1

Is obesity a pandemic

Answer 1

We can think as a pandemic it is a global problem

Question 2

What cause obesity?

Answer 2

Not only one thing, it is a lot of things like: lack of sleep, stress, sedentary, access to food

Question 3

Energy in > energy out is weight gain explain

Answer 3

We don’t want to simply how someone can be obese because it is a factor of things that can contribute.
Energy out : less exercice, more sense tart behaviour
Energy in: large portion sizes, easy foods, high fat energy dense foods

Question 4

What are the 3 factors that influence human health

Answer 4

Serving sizes, extrinsic factor and intrinsic factor

Question 5

Explain how serving sizes influence human health

Answer 5

If you have a plate that is majority nutrient dense you can have a optimal cellular function and metabolism

If you have a plate that is more energy dense you can have cellular stress and metabolic dysregulation and acquired metabolic syndrome

Question 6

Give examples of extrinsic factors

Answer 6

Food, xenobiotics, environment

Question 7

How environment influences human health

Answer 7

Influences our metabolic day and night cycle

Question 8

How intrinsic factor influence human health

Answer 8

Sex, gene variation, age

Question 9

How can sex affect the human health

Answer 9

The pathways on male and female are different for example: alcohol dehydrogenase are more present in man than women, so women are less adapt to alcohol

Question 10

How age influences human health

Answer 10

The metabolic profile changes during the years. In childhood the child is increasing and so they have more metabolism than an adult

Question 11

How can gene variation influence human health

Answer 11

It can determine the activity of a receptor/enzyne

Question 12

How can the gut microbiota influence in human health

Answer 12

The bacteria in our gut use the nutrients that we consume. They transform into nutritions and they produce metabolites. The gut microbiota is different from person to person

Question 13

Explain commensal bacteria
- what is commensal bacteria
- what they do

Answer 13

Commensal bacteria is an organism that obtains benefits in another organism without causing harm

They provide metabolites that causes benefits to us Ex: post biotic

Question 14

What happens if the balance of commensal bacteria is desrupted

Answer 14

The type of the products that the bacteria will produce will be difference. Some bacteria are going to increase in population and are going to prevent other bacteria’s from making what we want

Question 15

Explain the mice study to determine leanness and adiposity

Answer 15

2 identical twins - one was obese and the other les . They took the gut microbiota of each twin and they enact later mice that gut microbiota. The mice were autobiotic
Mice were emasculated with the microbiota of the twins and then they were put in the exact same diet of low fat and high fiver
1 group of mice has an increase adipocity and the other continued lean

Question 16

What is the conclusion of the mice study

Answer 16

You can have a microbiota that can be good or bad to us. The microbiota is one of many factors

Question 17

Why read meat plus one bacteria is bad news for heart?

Answer 17

When you eat meat, it goes to your gut microbiota and than to the liver. In the liver it will convert to TMAO that will make palets , alters bile acids and make atherosclerosis and all of this can increase the risk of heart diseases

So without the TMAO you have less chance for the heart diseases factors to happen

Question 18

So which bacteria is no good for the heart

Answer 18

TMAO

Question 19

When sucrulose binds to the taste receptors what happens

Answer 19

Sucrulose is a modified sucrose. Our enzyme cannot break down. But we can taste it but it is altered enough that it cannot interact with the enzymes

Question 20

What will happen if there is variation in :
Taste receptors and explain the bitter ligand example
Genes that determine the taste

Answer 20

Variations in taste receptors determine how an individual perceive taste (ex bitter taste, if the bitten ligand bind less the person will be less sensitive and so they will eat more compared to someone that the ligand will bind more)

Variations in genes that determine taste can influence whether specific classes of nutrients will have a chance in regulating metabolic function

Question 21

What is single nucleotide polymorphism SNPs

Answer 21

Single base substation in genes

Question 22

Explain the 2 types of SNPs so synonymous and non synonymous

Answer 22

Synonymous: a change in the same position but leads to the same polypeptide

Nonsynonymous: distinct SNPs at the same position lead to different polypeptide sequence . The base change to a different polypeptide but the protein is still functional

Question 23

Explain why people who have a non synonymous type of SNPs influence the bitter taste

Answer 23

Because their receptor can be more active and so the ligand bind more to the receptor and if the person doesn’t like the bitter taste it will change their food preference and the food intake and so they won’t be consuming some vegetables and fruits that are good for them

Question 24

Explain the polymorphism associated with lactase persistence

Answer 24

So lactase has a gene LCT gene which after childhood is inactivated. When this happens which is normal, the person is lactose intolerant.
However, there is a variation on another gene that impact the lactose of shutting down (MCM6 gene fait en sorte que le lactose is not shutting down)

Question 25

Which gene will impact lactose form not shutting down

Answer 25

MCM6

Question 26

What protein of cholesterol is mutated at different places and what happens with these mutations

Answer 26

NPC1L1, depending on where the mutation is it can be almost identical to the wild type it really different.

Question 27

Does eukaryotic cells have mechanism for sens ion nutrient status

Answer 27

Yes

Question 28

What happens when there is a loss of sensitivity to nutrient

Answer 28

Result in inappropriate metabolic response to nutrient availability or deficiency

Question 29

Malnutrition

Answer 29

Improper diet
Nutrient deficiency or excess

Question 30

You can have problems with nutrients processing. Like inborn errors of metabolism and acquired metabolic syndromes explain both

Answer 30

Inborn errors ( mono genie diseases) : individuals who have a error in 1 gene. Easy to point to know what is wrong

Acquired metabolic syndrome : no mistake in the gene you get through life. Ex: over nutrition, severity of diseases