Micronutrients And Vitamins Flashcards
Give examples of macro minerals
Calcium, chloride ion, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and sulphur
Give examples of trace minerals
Cobalt, copper, fluoride ion, iodine, iron, manganese, sodium, selenium, zinc
What are the role of calcium
Component of bones and teeth
Muscle mouvement
Cell signaling
Neurotransmission
Explain the pathway of calcium
The agonist will bind to the receptor. PCR will make IP3 which will bind to the IP3R and calcium will go out of the cell
How calcium act with taste receptors
Calcium act as an important signalling molecules to convey the binding of the taste molecules with taste receptors to the cellular machinery and ultimately to the brain
What are the functions of zinc
- Carbohydrate metabolism
- Wound healing
- Immune function
- Inflammation and oxidative stress
Zinc plays an important role in
1.Catalysis
2. Protein structure
3. Regulation of gene expression
What is zinc finger
It is a small protein structure that is characterized by the coordination of one or more zinc
Where can we find zinc fingers and their role
It is found in DNA and it can have transcription factors ( transcription activation) , protein folding and assembly etc
What is the role that zinc can have in H2O2
Zinc is responsible for decreased GPx and CAT activity resulting in decreased detoxification of H2O2
Selenium is required in what amount and is toxic in what amount
It is required in Trace amounts but toxic in large quantities
What are the amino acid component of selenium
Selenocysteine and selenomethionine
What is the role of selenium
Acts as a cofactor for antioxidant enzymes
What is the classification of iron
Micro mineral
How iron is used by the others proteins and give an example
It is used as a prosthetic group. Ex: gene groups of hemoglobin, myoglobin
How is the iron metabolism
It involves many proteins/enzymes and many pathways.
How much iron a person normally contains and how much is doing in the blood
The average person has 3-4g of iron and 60% of the iron is found in the blood and the daily intake is 15mg.
What are the factors that can affect iron balance
Genetic factors
How can you have iron loss
Menstruation, shedding of epithelial surfaces, though intestine, lactation
How much of the world population is deficient in iron
80%
What are the consequences of deficiency in iron
Anemias, low blood iron: pale skin, tired, weakness, difficulty maintaining body temperature, shortness breath, inflamed tongue, decreased immune function
Who are at risk for anemia and why?
Alcoholics, patients with infections/ inflammatory/neoplasticism diseases. Because they absorb less iron. And when you are infected/sick (cancer) you demand an increased intake of iron. But normally people don’t have appetite so they eat less when their body is demanding more
Iron toxicity with genetic basis
Hemochromatosis ( body absorb too much iron in the skin, liver, heart) it can damage the tissues
Porphyria
Hyperfeeritinemia
How secondary hemochromatosis arrive
It is caused by excessive alcohol consumption; excessive use of dietary iron supplements
The secondary hemochromatosis can lead to what disorders
- Arthritis
- Liver disease ( leads to liver failure)
- Damage to the pancreas causing diabetes
- Cardiac function abnormalities
- Impotence
- Abnormal skin pigmentation
- Thyroid deficiency
- Damage to the adrenal glands
Iodine is necessary for
Thyroid functions
Complete
Iodine is the essential substrate for the synthesis of ….
Thyroid hormones
What does thyroid hormones control
- Energy metabolism
- Ligands of TR receptor ( nuclear receptor superfamily)
Source of iodine
Seafood, kelp, dairy products, iodized table salt
Iodine deficiency consequence
Increased fetal and infant mortify, neurological defects, mental retardation, decreases reproductive fitness, hypothyroidism, goiter
What are the secondary consequences of iodine deficiency, so related to disorders
Anemia, arthritis, eye enlargement and inflammation, hair loss and premature fraying of hair, inflammatory bowel disease, depression
How is goiter caused
- It can be caused because of iodine deficiency and so impaired thyroid hormone synthesis
- And it can also be caused by excess iodine which results in the inhibition of tutoie hormone production
- Selenium deficiency may also cause goiter because it require a micronutrient as a cofactor
What is the role of sodium
- absorption of nutrients
- maintenance of blood pressure and water balance
- conduction of nerve signals
- muscle contraction and relaxation
Excess dietary sodium is a major risk factor for
Hypertension
Explain the absorption and secretion of nutrients in relation to sodium
Sodium take short chain f.a, sugar and ions to inside the cell ( absorption)
And he also works with channels transporter to get things in and out of the cell ( secretion)
What is sodium glucose cotransporter
It makes sodium and glucose goes in the cell ( kidney, small intestine)
Major food group contributors to sodium intake
- processed foods ( added salt)
- breads
In average the intake of food is more or less than the AI
More
Give examples of fat soluble vitamins
Vitamin A (retinol)
Vitamin D (ergocalciferol)
Vitamin E (tocophérol)
Vitamin K
Give examples of water soluble vitamins
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
Vitamin B3 (niacin)
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
Vitamin B9 ( folic acid)
Vitamin B12 ( cobalamin)
Vitamin B7 ( biotin)
Vitamin C (ascorbique acid)
Choline
Is choline difficult to be deficient true or false and why
True because we can make it
Vitamin A is essential to what
Proper maintenance of epithelial cells
Deficiency in vitamin A can cause what
Mucus-secreating cells to be replaced by keratin producing cells to be replaced by keratin producing cells leading to xerosis ( abnormal dryness)
True or false is vitamin A teratogenic
True, it can cause mal formation in embryos
Vitamin A can be ligand for what types of receptors
Retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoids X receptor (RXR) - belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily
Vitamin A deficiency
Affects eye function ( night blindness, eye dryness, can lead to blindness)
Associated with poor lipid absorption
Vitamin A excess can cause
Birth defects
Reduce bone mineral density ( risk for osteoporosis)
Weight loss, headache, vision problèmes, dry itchy skin, hair loss, anemia, teeth discolouration, enlarged liver etc - similar to deficiency
Vitamin C act as a co substrate for
Prolyl hydroxylase
Vitamin C deficiency causes
Scurvy
True or false
Vitamin C is a potent antioxidants
True
Why can’t we make vitamin C
Because we don’t have the enzyme L-gulonolactone oxidase to transform glucose into ascorbic
How vitamin C is absorbed
There are transporter to absorb vitamin C : SVCT1 ( sodium dependent vitamin C transporter) and GLUT transporter can absorb the different form of vitamin C
Explain the biosynthesis of collagen and why a person who has scurvy cannot make this happen
The enzyme prolyl hydroxylase will add a OH group to the proline residue in the pro collagen peptide. And if you don’t have the OH group the collagen cannot take its shape.the addition of the Oh group happens in the endoplasmic reticulum
People who has scurvy cannot make collagen because they will need vitamin C to make the prolyl hydroxylase
why The triple helix/ extra cellular matrix( what makes collagen) is important
Because it is the basis of everything. So without extra cellular matrix things won’t hold on together for example teeth
What is the role of choline
1) ensure structural integrity and signalling functions of cell membrane
2) used to make a variety of very important metabolites ( acetylcholine)
3) it is a substrate for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis
Can we make choline from scratch
Yes, 3 successive methylation of the phosphatidylethabolamine head group generates phosphotildylcholine
Photochemical are a diverse group of
Plant derived compound
What are the beneficial affects on health of photochemical
Antioxidant capacity, probiotic effect etc however we don’t what it happens if we eat a lot
