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Nutr 307 > Micronutrients And Vitamins > Flashcards

Micronutrients And Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Give examples of macro minerals

A

Calcium, chloride ion, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and sulphur

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2
Q

Give examples of trace minerals

A

Cobalt, copper, fluoride ion, iodine, iron, manganese, sodium, selenium, zinc

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3
Q

What are the role of calcium

A

Component of bones and teeth
Muscle mouvement
Cell signaling
Neurotransmission

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4
Q

Explain the pathway of calcium

A

The agonist will bind to the receptor. PCR will make IP3 which will bind to the IP3R and calcium will go out of the cell

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5
Q

How calcium act with taste receptors

A

Calcium act as an important signalling molecules to convey the binding of the taste molecules with taste receptors to the cellular machinery and ultimately to the brain

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6
Q

What are the functions of zinc

A
  1. Carbohydrate metabolism
  2. Wound healing
  3. Immune function
  4. Inflammation and oxidative stress
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7
Q

Zinc plays an important role in

A

1.Catalysis
2. Protein structure
3. Regulation of gene expression

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8
Q

What is zinc finger

A

It is a small protein structure that is characterized by the coordination of one or more zinc

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9
Q

Where can we find zinc fingers and their role

A

It is found in DNA and it can have transcription factors ( transcription activation) , protein folding and assembly etc

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10
Q

What is the role that zinc can have in H2O2

A

Zinc is responsible for decreased GPx and CAT activity resulting in decreased detoxification of H2O2

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11
Q

Selenium is required in what amount and is toxic in what amount

A

It is required in Trace amounts but toxic in large quantities

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12
Q

What are the amino acid component of selenium

A

Selenocysteine and selenomethionine

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13
Q

What is the role of selenium

A

Acts as a cofactor for antioxidant enzymes

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14
Q

What is the classification of iron

A

Micro mineral

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15
Q

How iron is used by the others proteins and give an example

A

It is used as a prosthetic group. Ex: gene groups of hemoglobin, myoglobin

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16
Q

How is the iron metabolism

A

It involves many proteins/enzymes and many pathways.

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17
Q

How much iron a person normally contains and how much is doing in the blood

A

The average person has 3-4g of iron and 60% of the iron is found in the blood and the daily intake is 15mg.

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18
Q

What are the factors that can affect iron balance

A

Genetic factors

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19
Q

How can you have iron loss

A

Menstruation, shedding of epithelial surfaces, though intestine, lactation

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20
Q

How much of the world population is deficient in iron

A

80%

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21
Q

What are the consequences of deficiency in iron

A

Anemias, low blood iron: pale skin, tired, weakness, difficulty maintaining body temperature, shortness breath, inflamed tongue, decreased immune function

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22
Q

Who are at risk for anemia and why?

A

Alcoholics, patients with infections/ inflammatory/neoplasticism diseases. Because they absorb less iron. And when you are infected/sick (cancer) you demand an increased intake of iron. But normally people don’t have appetite so they eat less when their body is demanding more

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23
Q

Iron toxicity with genetic basis

A

Hemochromatosis ( body absorb too much iron in the skin, liver, heart) it can damage the tissues

Porphyria

Hyperfeeritinemia

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24
Q

How secondary hemochromatosis arrive

A

It is caused by excessive alcohol consumption; excessive use of dietary iron supplements

25
Q

The secondary hemochromatosis can lead to what disorders

A
  1. Arthritis
  2. Liver disease ( leads to liver failure)
  3. Damage to the pancreas causing diabetes
  4. Cardiac function abnormalities
  5. Impotence
  6. Abnormal skin pigmentation
  7. Thyroid deficiency
  8. Damage to the adrenal glands
26
Q

Iodine is necessary for

A

Thyroid functions

27
Q

Complete
Iodine is the essential substrate for the synthesis of ….

A

Thyroid hormones

28
Q

What does thyroid hormones control

A
  1. Energy metabolism
  2. Ligands of TR receptor ( nuclear receptor superfamily)
29
Q

Source of iodine

A

Seafood, kelp, dairy products, iodized table salt

30
Q

Iodine deficiency consequence

A

Increased fetal and infant mortify, neurological defects, mental retardation, decreases reproductive fitness, hypothyroidism, goiter

31
Q

What are the secondary consequences of iodine deficiency, so related to disorders

A

Anemia, arthritis, eye enlargement and inflammation, hair loss and premature fraying of hair, inflammatory bowel disease, depression

32
Q

How is goiter caused

A
  1. It can be caused because of iodine deficiency and so impaired thyroid hormone synthesis
  2. And it can also be caused by excess iodine which results in the inhibition of tutoie hormone production
  3. Selenium deficiency may also cause goiter because it require a micronutrient as a cofactor
33
Q

What is the role of sodium

A
  • absorption of nutrients
  • maintenance of blood pressure and water balance
  • conduction of nerve signals
  • muscle contraction and relaxation
34
Q

Excess dietary sodium is a major risk factor for

A

Hypertension

35
Q

Explain the absorption and secretion of nutrients in relation to sodium

A

Sodium take short chain f.a, sugar and ions to inside the cell ( absorption)

And he also works with channels transporter to get things in and out of the cell ( secretion)

36
Q

What is sodium glucose cotransporter

A

It makes sodium and glucose goes in the cell ( kidney, small intestine)

37
Q

Major food group contributors to sodium intake

A
  • processed foods ( added salt)
  • breads
38
Q

In average the intake of food is more or less than the AI

A

More

39
Q

Give examples of fat soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin A (retinol)
Vitamin D (ergocalciferol)
Vitamin E (tocophérol)
Vitamin K

40
Q

Give examples of water soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
Vitamin B3 (niacin)
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
Vitamin B9 ( folic acid)
Vitamin B12 ( cobalamin)
Vitamin B7 ( biotin)
Vitamin C (ascorbique acid)
Choline

41
Q

Is choline difficult to be deficient true or false and why

A

True because we can make it

42
Q

Vitamin A is essential to what

A

Proper maintenance of epithelial cells

43
Q

Deficiency in vitamin A can cause what

A

Mucus-secreating cells to be replaced by keratin producing cells to be replaced by keratin producing cells leading to xerosis ( abnormal dryness)

44
Q

True or false is vitamin A teratogenic

A

True, it can cause mal formation in embryos

45
Q

Vitamin A can be ligand for what types of receptors

A

Retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoids X receptor (RXR) - belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily

46
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

Affects eye function ( night blindness, eye dryness, can lead to blindness)

Associated with poor lipid absorption

47
Q

Vitamin A excess can cause

A

Birth defects
Reduce bone mineral density ( risk for osteoporosis)
Weight loss, headache, vision problèmes, dry itchy skin, hair loss, anemia, teeth discolouration, enlarged liver etc - similar to deficiency

48
Q

Vitamin C act as a co substrate for

A

Prolyl hydroxylase

49
Q

Vitamin C deficiency causes

A

Scurvy

50
Q

True or false
Vitamin C is a potent antioxidants

A

True

51
Q

Why can’t we make vitamin C

A

Because we don’t have the enzyme L-gulonolactone oxidase to transform glucose into ascorbic

52
Q

How vitamin C is absorbed

A

There are transporter to absorb vitamin C : SVCT1 ( sodium dependent vitamin C transporter) and GLUT transporter can absorb the different form of vitamin C

53
Q

Explain the biosynthesis of collagen and why a person who has scurvy cannot make this happen

A

The enzyme prolyl hydroxylase will add a OH group to the proline residue in the pro collagen peptide. And if you don’t have the OH group the collagen cannot take its shape.the addition of the Oh group happens in the endoplasmic reticulum

People who has scurvy cannot make collagen because they will need vitamin C to make the prolyl hydroxylase

54
Q

why The triple helix/ extra cellular matrix( what makes collagen) is important

A

Because it is the basis of everything. So without extra cellular matrix things won’t hold on together for example teeth

55
Q

What is the role of choline

A

1) ensure structural integrity and signalling functions of cell membrane
2) used to make a variety of very important metabolites ( acetylcholine)
3) it is a substrate for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis

56
Q

Can we make choline from scratch

A

Yes, 3 successive methylation of the phosphatidylethabolamine head group generates phosphotildylcholine

57
Q

Photochemical are a diverse group of

A

Plant derived compound

58
Q

What are the beneficial affects on health of photochemical

A

Antioxidant capacity, probiotic effect etc however we don’t what it happens if we eat a lot

Nutr 307 (7 decks)

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