Mods 27-30

Question 1

primary reinforcement

Answer 1

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

Question 2

conditioned reinforcer

Answer 2

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

Question 3

reinforcement schedule

Answer 3

Patterns that determine how often a desired response will be reinforced

Question 4

continuous reinforcement schedule

Answer 4

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Question 5

partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule

Answer 5

reinforcing a response only part of the time

Question 6

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 6

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Question 7

fixed-interval schedule

Answer 7

Reinforcement occurs after a set length of time

Question 8

variable-ratio schedule

Answer 8

Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 9

variable-interval schedule

Answer 9

Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable length of time

Question 10

cognitive map

Answer 10

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

Question 11

Punishment

Answer 11

an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

Question 12

latent learning

Answer 12

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 13

insight

Answer 13

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution

Question 14

intrinsic motivation

Answer 14

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Question 15

extrinsic motivation

Answer 15

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Question 16

problem-focused coping

Answer 16

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

Question 17

emotion-focused coping

Answer 17

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction

Question 18

personal control

Answer 18

Our sense of impacting and directing our environment rather than feeling hopeless

Question 19

learned helplessness

Answer 19

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person acquires when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Question 20

external locus of control

Answer 20

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal direction determine our fate.

Question 21

internal locus of control

Answer 21

The perception that we direct and create our own fate

Question 22

self-control

Answer 22

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

Question 23

observational learning

Answer 23

learning by observing others

Question 24

Modeling

Answer 24

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 25

Mirror neurons

Answer 25

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy

Question 26

Pro social behavior

Answer 26

positive, constructive, helpful behavior

Question 27

John Garcia

Answer 27

Studies on taste aversion.

Question 28

taste aversion

Answer 28

Not being able to eat a particular food after pairing it with an unpleasant experience

Question 29

Albert Bandura

Answer 29

Bobo doll experiment, observational learning