Mods 27-30 Flashcards
primary reinforcement
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
conditioned reinforcer
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer
reinforcement schedule
Patterns that determine how often a desired response will be reinforced
continuous reinforcement schedule
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule
reinforcing a response only part of the time
fixed-ratio schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
fixed-interval schedule
Reinforcement occurs after a set length of time
variable-ratio schedule
Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses
variable-interval schedule
Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable length of time
cognitive map
a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
Punishment
an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
insight
a sudden realization of a problem’s solution
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
problem-focused coping
Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.
emotion-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction
personal control
Our sense of impacting and directing our environment rather than feeling hopeless
learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person acquires when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal direction determine our fate.
internal locus of control
The perception that we direct and create our own fate
self-control
the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards
observational learning
learning by observing others
Modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy
Pro social behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior
John Garcia
Studies on taste aversion.
taste aversion
Not being able to eat a particular food after pairing it with an unpleasant experience
Albert Bandura
Bobo doll experiment, observational learning
