Mods 27-30 Flashcards

1
Q

primary reinforcement

A

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

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2
Q

conditioned reinforcer

A

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

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3
Q

reinforcement schedule

A

Patterns that determine how often a desired response will be reinforced

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4
Q

continuous reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

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5
Q

partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcing a response only part of the time

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6
Q

fixed-ratio schedule

A

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

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7
Q

fixed-interval schedule

A

Reinforcement occurs after a set length of time

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8
Q

variable-ratio schedule

A

Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses

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9
Q

variable-interval schedule

A

Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable length of time

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10
Q

cognitive map

A

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

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11
Q

Punishment

A

an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

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12
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

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13
Q

insight

A

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution

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14
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

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15
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

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16
Q

problem-focused coping

A

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

17
Q

emotion-focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction

18
Q

personal control

A

Our sense of impacting and directing our environment rather than feeling hopeless

19
Q

learned helplessness

A

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person acquires when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

20
Q

external locus of control

A

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal direction determine our fate.

21
Q

internal locus of control

A

The perception that we direct and create our own fate

22
Q

self-control

A

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

23
Q

observational learning

A

learning by observing others

24
Q

Modeling

A

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

25
Mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy
26
Pro social behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior
27
John Garcia
Studies on taste aversion.
28
taste aversion
Not being able to eat a particular food after pairing it with an unpleasant experience
29
Albert Bandura
Bobo doll experiment, observational learning