MODIFIERS AND MORAL PRINCIPLES

Question 1

Characteristics of Moral Principles

Answer 1

Reasonability
Prescriptivity
Impartiality
Overridingness
Autonomous from Arbitrary Authority
Publicity
Practicability
Universalizability

Question 2

Something is right and wrong regardless of what the majority decides or says

Answer 2

Autonomous from Arbitrary Authority

Question 3

A moral rule should be applicable to everyone, without exception, provided of course that all people are in relevantly similar situations or context

Answer 3

Universalizability

Question 4

Prime and ultimate importance

Answer 4

Overridingness

Question 5

passions do not lessen voluntariness, but may even increase accountability. This is because they are the direct results of the will which fully consents to them instead of subordinating them to its control.

Answer 5

Consequent passions

Question 6

negation of knowledge

Answer 6

IGNORANCE

Question 7

Acts done because or out of intense fear or panic are simply _____. Moral accountability is extinguished because consent was not exercised when the act was performed. Actions in this sense exempts the agent from any moral and legal responsibility.

Answer 7

involuntary

Question 8

We can always challenge on logical grounds the tyranny of numbers and tide of public opinion matters of right and wrong

Answer 8

Autonomous from Arbitrary Authority

Question 9

essence of morality

Answer 9

Reasonability

Question 10

Further means that ethical standards must not be over what an ordinary human is capable of doing

Answer 10

Practicability

Question 11

renders an act involuntarily. A person cannot be held morally responsible or liable if he is not aware of the state of his ignorance.

Answer 11

Invincible ignorance

Question 12

They are the factors that affect to a considerable extent man’s inner disposition towards certain actions.

Answer 12

MODIFIERS OF HUMAN ACTS

Question 13

Moral standards must have hegemonic authority

Answer 13

Overridingness

Question 14

Should not lay too heavy burden on people

Answer 14

Practicability

Question 15

Moral standards are supposed to apply to everyone regardless of one’s status and situations in life

Answer 15

Impartiality

Question 16

Any moral norm must be workable

Answer 16

Practicability

Question 17

Self-interest does not have a place in a proper moral standard

Answer 17

Impartiality

Question 18

The obvious reason for this is that principles are made and promulgated to render advice as well as assign praise or blame to certain behavior

Answer 18

Publicity

Question 19

Keeping them in secret defeats the very purpose why they are created.

Answer 19

Publicity

Question 20

You do not hide something that you really think is genuinely good and noble.

Answer 20

Publicity

Question 21

Moral standards should stand on their own logic independent of the arbitrariness of the majority

Answer 21

Autonomous from Arbitrary Authority

Question 22

Acts done with fear are ___________. This is so since the person acting with fear is acting in spite of his fear, still very much in control of his conduct. The person concerned remains responsible of his action.

Answer 22

voluntary

Question 23

passions do not always destroy voluntariness, but they diminish accountability for the resultant act.

Answer 23

Antecedent passions

Question 24

use or application of force or aggression

Answer 24

Violence

Question 25

We want to make a genuine ethical claim, we must not allow our own invested interest to prevail and decide on matters of right and wrong.

Answer 25

Impartiality

Question 26

This means that they should tower over all the other standards or norms of evaluation, whatever may be.

Answer 26

Overridingness

Question 27

These modifiers affect human acts in the essentials qualities of knowledge, freedom, voluntariness and so make them _____ perfectly human.

Answer 27

less

Question 28

5 modifiers of human acts

Answer 28

Ignorance Violence Passion Fear Habit

Question 29

If moral principles are indeed impartial and of primordial value, then by all means, they have to be made public.

Answer 29

Publicity

Question 30

Moral principles are intended to advise people on what to do or to avoid

Answer 30

Prescriptivity

Question 31

This is significant precisely because the moral accountability of the doer of the action is also increased or decreased, as the case may be.

Answer 31

MODIFIERS OF HUMAN ACTS

Question 32

strong emotion that influences human actions to strongly commit to do an act

Answer 32

Passion

Question 33

readiness , born of frequently repeated acts, for acting in a certain manner.

Answer 33

HABIT

Question 34

as a strong or powerful feeling or emotion. They are those bodily appetites or tendencies as experienced and expressed in such feelings as fear, love, hatred, despair, horror, sadness, anger, grief and the like.

Answer 34

Passion or concupiscence

Question 35

Moral rules should not be impossible to achieve or else they are not for men but for angels

Answer 35

Practicability

Question 36

For what use is a norm if it is simply impossible for anyone to follow

Answer 36

Practicability

Question 37

The morally right thing to do is always the thing best supported by sound arguments

Answer 37

Reasonability

Question 38

usual way of behavior that someone has unconsciously do repetition of action sometimes automatic and involuntary actions we normally do

Answer 38

Habit

Question 39

Thus, moral rules are not subject to the whims and caprices of those in power.

Answer 39

Autonomous from Arbitrary Authority

Question 40

Disturbance of mind; threat; harm

Answer 40

Fear

Question 41

Moral rules should not advance the interest of the few or worse, of one person alone

Answer 41

Impartiality

Question 42

Practical or action-guiding nature of morality

Answer 42

Prescriptivity

Question 43

absence of knowledge or unaware of something or someone chooses not to learn something

Answer 43

Ignorance

Question 44

Actions done by force of habit are ________ in cause, unless a reasonable effort is made to counteract the habitual inclination. This means that if the person will simply let his habit take control of his action without doing anything about it whatsoever, then we can say that one is morally accountable by allowing the habit to determine one’s act.

Answer 44

voluntary

Question 45

They are not the only standard where human actions can be judged or assessed but they should take precedence over others

Answer 45

Overridingness

Question 46

does not excuse a person from his bad actions;on the contrary it actually increases their malice

Answer 46

affected or pretended ignorance

Question 47

Moral judgments must be backed up by good reasons or argument, if we want to discover the truth about what's good and bad, we must let our feelings be guided as much as possibly by reason

Answer 47

Reasonability

Question 48

It would be self-defeating therefore to just keep them from public knowledge

Answer 48

Publicity

Question 49

it is deliberately aroused by the will in order to ensure a more prompt and willing operation

Answer 49

consequent passion

Question 50

It tries to influence the way we act in accordance with certain rules of conduct

Answer 50

Prescriptivity

Question 51

Any action resulting from violence is simply __________. The person whose physical external conduct emanates from and controlled by violence should always be in defiance in terms of one’s will.

Answer 51

involuntary

Question 52

We can be confident that something is right if it is reasonable

Answer 52

Reasonability

Question 53

should always be offered to unjust aggressors. But if resistanceis impossible,o r if there is a serious threat to one’s life,a person confronted by violence can always offer intrinsic resistance by withholding consent; that is enough to save one’s moral integrity.

Answer 53

Active resistance

Question 54

it arises spontaneously before the judgment of reason and before the will can control the psychological situation

Answer 54

Antecedent passion

Question 55

This simply means that moral rules and principles must be made public if they are to serve as guidelines for our actions

Answer 55

Publicity