LESSON 1 Flashcards
term “ethics” comes from the Greek word “_________” meaning “_______” or “___________” used in the works of Aristotle while the term “moral” is the Latin equivalent.
ethos; custom, character
Ethics is a branch of philosophy that studies the _______________ of human action.
rightness or wrongness
In this particular branch of philosophy it is concerned with; how do human persons ought to act, and the search for the definition what is right conduct and a good life.
Ethics
Based on the Greek and Latin etymology of the word “ethics”, ethics deals with
Morality
in the Greek Tradition- ethics was conceived relating to the concept of “__________”.
good life
Thus, the ethical inquiry during this time was directed towards discovering the nature of happiness. In fact, _______________-does not only presents a theory of happiness but also provides ways in which happiness is attained.
Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics
It is also important to note that Ethics is not the same as Morality.
Although, many philosophers believe that the two concepts can be used interchangeably. This is because the former denotes the theory of right action and greater good while the latter indicate practice that is the rightness or wrongness of human action
theory of right action and greater good
Ethics
systematic study of underlying principles of morality
ethics
practice, rightness or wrongness of human action
morality
tells us what we ought to do
morality
exhorts us to follow the right way
morality
science of morals
ethics
practice of ethics
morality
Ethics is a study of the morality of ________________, what makes an act obligatory and what makes a person accountable.
human acts and moral agents
adjective describing a human act as either ethically right or wrong, or qualifying a person, personality, character, as either ethically good or bad.
Moral
examples of moral standards
“Stealing is wrong.”
“Killing is wrong.”
“Telling lies is wrong.”
“Adultery is wrong”
are norms or prescriptions that serve as the frameworks for determining what ought to be done or what is right or wrong action, what is good or bad character.
moral standards
Moral standards are either
consequences standards or non-consequence standards
depends on results, outcome
The consequence standards
example of consequence standards
Stuart Mill’s utilitarianism
example of non-consequence standards
Aristotle’s virtue, St. Thomas’ natural law, or Immanuel Kant’s good will or sense of duty
An act that results in the general welfare, in the greatest good of the greatest number is therefore
moral
To take part in a project that results in the improvement of the majority of people is, therefore
moral
are based on the natural law
non-consequence standard
is the law of God revealed through human reason
natural law
law of God written in the hearts of men
non-consequence standard
are social rules, demands of etiquette and good manners. They are guides of action which should be followed as expected by society.
non-moral standards
Sometimes they may not be followed or some people may not follow them
non-moral standards
An indicator whether or not a standard is moral or non-moral lies in _________ as distinguished from its non-compliance.
compliance
Non-compliance with moral standards causes a _________, while non-compliance with a non-moral standard may only cause ___________________.
sense of guilt; shame or embarrassment
standard states that an act is right or wrong depending on the consequences of the act, that is, the good that is produced in the world
consequence standard
holds that the rightness or wrongness of an action or rule depends on sense of duty, natural law, virtue and the demand of the situation or circumstances. The rightness or wrongness of an action does not only depend or rely on the consequence of that action or following that rule.
not-only-consequence standard (deontological)
Consequence (__________, from tele which means end, result, or consequence)
teleological
IS A “DECISION MAKING PROBLEM BETWEEN TWO POSSIBLE MORAL IMPERATIVES, NEITHER OF WHICH IS UNAMBIGOUSLY ACCEPTABLE OR PREFERABLE
MORAL DILEMMAS
IS A SITUATION WHERE A PERSON HAS THE MORAL OBLIGATION TO CHOOSE BETWEEN TWO OPTIONS BOTH BASED ON MORAL STANDARDS, BUT HE/SHE CANNOT CHOOSE BOTH, AND CHOOSING ONE MEANS VIOLATING THE OTHER.
MORAL DILEMMA
ARE SITUATIONS WHERE THE DECISION-MAKER HAS A MORAL DUTY TO DO ONE THING, BUT IS TEMPTED OR UNDER PRESSURE TO DO SOMETHING ELSE.
FALSE DILEMMA
IS A CHOICE BETWEEN A RIGHT AND A WRONG UNLIKE MORAL DILEMMAS WHERE BOTH CHOICES ARE WRONG .
FALSE DILEMMA
3 LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMAS
INDIVIDUAL
ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURAL
