MODES OF INHERITANCE (PPT) Flashcards
It is transmitted on unbroken descent
Autosomal Dominant
Autosomal dominant is ________ and _______________ recessive.
Heterozygote; Homozygous
Autosomal dominant is ___________ mutant gene.
50%
It is between two heterozygotes and can be transmitted by a long line of carriers.
Autosomal recessive
It has 1/4 chance of being passed on and it is common in-breeding.
Autosomal Recessive
It has severe conditions that are unlikely to be passed on.
Autosomal recessive
The chance that both maternal and paternal alleles at one locus are identical by descent.
Coefficient of In-breeding
The proportion of all the individual’s genes are homozygous because of identity by common descent.
Coefficient of In-breeding
This is where two characteristics behave completely independently of each other.
Independent Assortment
What ‘cross’ do independent assortment use?
Dihybrid cross
The ratio that independent assortment produces which applies the principle of probability
9:3:3:1
This principle allows easy calculation of probability of genotypes and phenotypes among offsprings
Principle of probability
Under PRINCIPLE OF PROBABILITY
Impossible event : 0
Certain event: _____
1
If the probability of event x id p then the probability of “not x” is _________? `
1-p
The probability of two independent events occurring is the product of their two _________________
individual probabilities
When two independent events occur simultaneously, the combined probability of the two
outcomes is not equal to the product of their individual probabilities of occurrence.
Product Law
What are the mendel’s postulate?
Unit Factors in Pairs
Dominance and Recessiveness
Segregation
Studied varieties of peas (Stamen and Anthers) – self-fertilization and
cross-fertilization
Gregor Johann Mendel
Gregor Johann Mendel’s study among plants lasted from ___________; the result of his studies
was later published in ________.
1856-1868
1866
He is coined the “Father of Genetics”
Gregor Johann Mendel
The study of inheritance from generation to generation is known as _______?
Transmission genetics
Transmission genetics is also called as ______________.
“Mendelian genetics”
“Factors” in modern times is termed as?
“Genes”
This is a type of breeding wherein the plants only produced progeny like themselves when allowed to self-fertilize.
True breeding
When 2 varieties that differ in one or more traits are crossed, the progeny constitute a _______between the parental varieties.
hybrid
Crosses in which parental varieties differ in one, two or three traits of interest
Mendelian Inheritance
Why did Gregor Mendel
choose peas?
> They grow quickly
> They reproduce by self-
pollination
> They posses characteristics
that are easily recognized
> Their pollination can be
controlled
the result from a cross between two pure breeding plants
First filial generation (F1 generation)
The traits that appears in the F1 generation are ____________
dominant traits
The traits that are hidden were called _____________.
recessive traits
Comprised of offspring resulting from a cross of the members of F1
generation
Second filial generation (F2 generation)
It is where recessive trait usually reappears
Second filial generation (F2 generation)
“Genetic characters are controlled by unit factors that exist in pairs
in individual organisms”
Unit Factors in Pairs
“When 2 unlike unit factors responsible for a single character are present in a single individual, one unit factor is dominant to the
other and the other recessive.”
Dominance and Recessiveness
“During the formation of gametes, the paired unit factors separate
or segregate randomly so that each gamete receives one or the
other with equal likelihood”
Segregation
Under Law of Segregation, during the formation of gametes (Meiosis or Gametogenesis), the two
alleles responsible for a trait ___________ from each other.
Separate
LAW OF SEGREGATION:
Alleles for a trait are then __________ at fertilization, producing the genotype for the traits of the offspring.
“recombined”
LAW OF SEGREGATION:
For every given trait, an organism must inherit _______ factor from the
sperm and one from the egg
one
Mendel noticed during all his work that the height of the plant and the shape of the seeds and the color of the pods had no impact on one another.
Law of Independent Assortment
Law of Independent Assortment:
Alleles for different traits are distributed to ____________ (and offspring) independently
of one another.
sex cells
Law of Independent Assortment:
Alleles on different ________are distributed randomly to individual gametes.
chromosomes
The genes of one characteristic were not influenced by the genes for any other characteristics
Law of Independent Assortment
The separation of gene pairs in a given pair of chromosomes and the distribution of the genes to gametes during meiosis are entirely ___________ of the distribution of other gene pairs in other pairs of chromosomes.
Independent
When Mendel crossed plants that have pure traits with plants having seven other traits, all offspring showed only one form of the trait
Law of Dominance
Law of Dominance:
Mendel also noted that the first ______________ always resembled only one of
its parents
hybrid generation
Law of Dominance:
The recessive trait showed in about __________ of the second generation traits
1⁄4
Law of Dominance:
A _______________ completely masks the expression of a recessive allele.
dominant allele
Law of Dominance:
A ___________ produces the same phenotype in heterozygotes and in homozygotes.
dominant allele
Law of Dominance:
When pure parents with opposite traits are mated, the ____________shows only one trait (dominant) the other trait (recessive) is hidden
F1 generation
It is invented by Reginald Punnett
Punnet Square
It determine the possible combination of genes in a cross.
The Punnet Square
They can be used as predictive tools when considering having children
The Punnet Square
They are used as standard tools by genetic counselors; the likelihood of inheriting many traits, including useful ones can be predicted using them.
The Punnet Square
