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Anthro > Modern Human Variation and Adaptation > Flashcards

Modern Human Variation and Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

Biological determinism

A

cultural and biological variations are inherited in the same way

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2
Q

eugenics

A

“race improvement” through forced sterilization of members of some groups and encouraged reproduction amongst others

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3
Q

meaning of race in human biology

A

race has no real meaning, in any racial group there will be individuals who fall into the normal range of variation for another group or one of several characteristics

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4
Q

polytypic species

A

a species composed of local populations that differ in the expression of one or more traits

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5
Q

are humans polytypic

A

yes

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6
Q

for a polytypic species, even within local populaions, theres a great deal of

A

genotypic and phenotypic variation between individuals

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7
Q

what are the four levels of adaptation?

A

genetic
developmental
acclimatization (physiological)
Cultural (behavioural)

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8
Q

what is the most climatically dispersed species?

A

humans

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9
Q

human variation is the result of

A

adaptations to environmental conditions

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10
Q

three levels of physiological response to environment

A

short term
long term
acquired

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11
Q

long term physiological response

A

evolutionary changes characterize all individuals within a population or species
ex. bipedalism

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12
Q

short term physiological response

A

temporary physiological response is called acclimation

ex. sweating or shivering

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13
Q

acquired physiological response

A

longer term adaptive responses are called acclimatization

ex. increased lung size and RBC count for populations living at high altitudes

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14
Q

homeothermy

A

complex evolved physiological mechanisms to maintain a constant body temperature, done by mammals and birds

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15
Q

homeothermy allows for the development of…

A

complex brains

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16
Q

bergmanns rule

A

body mass tends to be greater in populations that live in cold environments

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17
Q

allens rule

A

limb length tends to increase in hotter climates and decrease in colder climates

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18
Q

long term adaptation to heat evolved in our ancestors

A 
sweat glands (fur covered animals dont have these- thus they are linked to are lack of fur)
vasodilation
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19
Q

allens and bergmans rule are true from

A

all mammalian species

20
Q

for heat retention the perfect body shape would be

A

a sphere

21
Q

rationale behind allens and bergmans rules

A

because heat is lost at surface, greater mass allows for greater heat retention and reduced heat loss

longer limbs have more surface area and thus are able to radiate off more heat and cool off quicker

22
Q

allens and bergmans rule combined

A

as mass increases the relative amount of surface area decreases proportionately

23
Q

examples of allens and bergmanns rules

A

elongated arms and limbs in populations close to the equator

inuits are shorter and rounder

24
Q

skin colour is a

A

evolution to solar radiation stress

25
Q

cold adapted people have…

A

sustainable patterns of vasoconstriction and shivering that also maintain bloodflow

26
Q

5 climate adaptations to cold stress

A 
vasoconstriction
shivering
elevated basal metabolic rate 
clothing and shelter (cultural)
allens and bergmans rules
27
Q

in areas where food resources are limited or sporadic, people tend to evolve towards…

A

relatively short statures

need less food

28
Q

function of melanin

A

blocks UVB rays and protects DNA in cells from being damaged

29
Q

how is melanin production incited

A

UVB rays trigger melanocytes which then produce melanin

more solar stress= more triggered melanocites = more melanin production

30
Q

we create our own vitamin D, but it requires

A

solar radiation

31
Q

why is lighter skin adapted to colder climates

A

because it allows for more solar radiation in and thus a sufficient amount of vitamin D will be produced- avoids things such as rickets

32
Q

Uv radiation helps synthesize vitamin D, but depletes…

A

folic acid, which is necessary for DNA synthesis and spinal development

33
Q

selective advantages of dark skin

A

protects from folate degredation
especially important for pregnant mothers
also protects from skin cancer and sun burn

34
Q

cancer was probably not a huge factor in human evolution since

A

Most get it after having children

35
Q

adaptations to high altitudes

A

larger lungs and greater RBC production (helps oxegenate tissues bettwe even when not much is available)
smaller body size

36
Q

ability to consume milk after the infant stage is a

A

human biocultural adaptation

37
Q

polymorphisms

A

characteristics with different phenotypic expressions

38
Q

a genetic trait is polymorphic if…

A

the locus that governs it has two or more alleles

39
Q

geneticists use polymorphisms as a tool to understand…

A

evolutionary processes in modern populations

40
Q

evolutionary processes can also be understood within a __________ context

A

cultural

41
Q

Wolff’s law for skeletal adaptation

A

bone is not a static structure- it is a living organism that responds to stress and lack of use

stresses can tell us how they were used

42
Q

how did culture impact the rise of the sickle cell allele

A

slash and burn agricultural practices resulted in rainwater being left to stand in stagnant pools and thus mosquito breeding areas close to human settlement

rise in malaria and thus rise in sickle cell allele

43
Q

in all mammalian populations, infants and young children are able to digest

A

milk

44
Q

what happens to the gene that codes for lactase production as a mammal ages

A

usually it is switched “off” in adolescence since its weird for mammals to drink milk after infancy

45
Q

the geographical distribution of lactose tolerance is related to…

A

a history of cultural dependance on fresh milk products

closely related to populations whose ancestors herded milk producing animals

Anthro (12 decks)

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