Forces of Evolution

Question 1

two major developments of understanding evolutionary synthesis

Answer 1

mendels theory of heredity

darwins theory of evolution

Question 2

mendels theory of heredity

Answer 2

discrete units of information (genes) are passed unchanged from generation to generation

Question 3

modern synthesis of evolution

Answer 3

1. it is the production and redistribution of variation (inherited differences among organisms)
2. natural selection acts on this variation causing inherited differences among individuals to affect their ability to successfully reproduce

Question 4

current definition of evolution

Answer 4

a change in allele frequency from one generation to he next

Question 5

allele frequencies are indicators of…

Answer 5

the genetic makeup of a population, the members of which share a common gene pool

Question 6

allele frequences refer to the…

Answer 6

percentage of all the alleles at a locus accounted for by one specific allele

Question 7

microevolution

Answer 7

small genetic changes that occur within a species, even just from one generation to the next

Question 8

example of microevolution in humans

Answer 8

different ABO blood types

Question 9

macroevolution

Answer 9

large scale changes that occur in populations after many generations, such as the appearance of a new species

Question 10

speciation

Answer 10

appearance of a new species

Question 11

5 factors that produce and redistribute variation, allowing for evolution

Answer 11

mutation
gene flow
genetic drift and founder effect
recombination
natural selection

Question 12

mutation

Answer 12

molecular alteration in genetic material

Question 13

for a mutation to have evolutionary significance it must occur in a

Answer 13

gamete

Question 14

mutation rates for any given trait are usually

Answer 14

low

Question 15

what is the only way to produce new genes

Answer 15

mutation

Question 16

if mutation offers an advantage or disadvantage, when combined with natural selection evolutionary changes can occur

Answer 16

more and more rapidly

Question 17

gene flow

Answer 17

the exchange of genes between populations

Question 18

gene flow is a consistant feature of

Answer 18

human evolution

Question 19

human examples of gene flow

Answer 19

offspring of US soldiers and vietnamese women

Question 20

when individuals move temporarily and mate in a new population they dont necessarily

Answer 20

stay there

Question 21

flow of genes is characterized by

Answer 21

gradual distribution

Question 22

exogamous

Answer 22

individuals marry outside of some cultural/ genetic group

Question 23

endogamous

Answer 23

individuals marry inside of some cultural/genetic group

Question 24

exagamous relationships result in…

Answer 24

higher genetic diversity, more gene flow

Question 25

patrilocal

Answer 25

males remain in birthplace, females migrate
low Y chromosome diversity
high mt DNA diversity

Question 26

mt DNA is given by

Answer 26

mother

Question 27

matrilocal

Answer 27

females remain in birthplace and males migrate

high Y diversity, low mt diversity

Question 28

matrilocal and patrilocal populations are both examples of

Answer 28

sex specific gene flow

Question 29

genetic drift

Answer 29

the effects of random chance on gene frequencies in a population- alleles can be reduced or eliminated by the loss of a few members of a group

Question 30

genetic drift only has an effect on

Answer 30

small populations

Question 31

why is genetic drift important to human evolution

Answer 31

for most of human history we have lived in very small populations that would be vunerable to genetic drift

Question 32

founder effect is a type of

Answer 32

genetic drift

Question 33

founder effect

Answer 33

occurs when a small band of founders leaves its parent group and forms a colony elsewhere, a new population is established and all members are descended from founders

a once rare allele carried by founders can eventually become common

Question 34

example of genetic drift and the founder effect

Answer 34

native american population having lots of blood type O , no B and very little A

Question 35

natural selection provides

Answer 35

a directional change in allele frequency relative to specific environmental factors

Question 36

if the environment changes…

Answer 36

selection pressures also change

Question 37

if there are long term environmental changes in a consistent direction, then allele frequencies should also…

Answer 37

shift gradually each generation

Question 38

natural selection example

Answer 38

sickle cell and malaria

being heterozygous for sickle cell gives malarial resistance, thus in areas where malaria is present (africa) sickle cell si also more present as ut is advantageous to be heterozygous for the malarial resistance

Question 39

balanced polymorphism

Answer 39

selection for heterozygotes of sickle cell for increased malarial resistance

Question 40

non random mating is an important factor in

Answer 40

human breeding practices

Question 41

humans mate in a ____________ way

Answer 41

non random

Question 42

human selection for social and physical traits effect

Answer 42

allele frequencies