History of Evolutionary Thought Flashcards

1
Q

common views before darwin

A

earth is young
species are divinely created
species are incapable of change

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2
Q

emerging scientific views before darwin (starting in the renaissance)

A

earth is old
earths surface has changed over time
plants and animals have changed

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3
Q

fields of study that contributed to evolutionary theory

A
geology 
paleontology
taxonomy and systematics
demography
evolutionary biology
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4
Q

geology

A

study of earth

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5
Q

paleontology

A

study of fossils

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6
Q

taxonomy and systematics

A

study of classification and relationships of organisms

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7
Q

demography

A

study of populations

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8
Q

evolutionary biology

A

study of organisms and their changes over time

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9
Q

concept fo fixity of species

A

existed in medieval times

states that the way things are are the way they came into being and the way that they will always be

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10
Q

geology major players

A

James Hutton
Charles Lyell
Baron George Cuvier

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11
Q

james Hutton

A

Geological Strata- understood layers of rock in the earth, how they were created and how they changed

uniformitarianism- idea that the forces we can see today were also active in the past, contributes to understanding that earth is old

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12
Q

charles lyell

A

evidence for antiquity of earth- looked at massive geological formations and argued that rocks had been laid down gradually over long periods of time

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13
Q

charles lyell built on the work of

A

james hutton

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14
Q

Baron George Cuvier

A

catastrophism- argued the changed we see today came from catastrophes (anti uniformitarianism)

no fossils? catastrophe wiped them out

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15
Q

major players in paleontology

A

robert hooke

georges cuvier

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16
Q

robert Hooke

A

discovered fossils are remains of living things by comparing fossilized wood to regular wood

first to apply the word “cell” to biological materials

invented one of the first practical microscopes

17
Q

georges cuvier

A

organisms can go extinct- fossils are from organisms that no longer exist

different fossils exist in different geological strata- aging fossils based on layers of rocks to show evolutionary changes

BUT he was a catastrophist

18
Q

linnaeus

A

created the binomial nomenclature system

one of the most important contributions to biological knowledge today

19
Q

taxonomy system

A
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus 
species
20
Q

thomas malthus

A

created a theory of evolution by means of natural selection that darwin borrowed from

21
Q

jean baptiste lamarck

A

inheritance of acquired characteristics- it was possibel to pass on characteristics acquired in life

giraffe example

22
Q

What was Darwin’s role on the HMS beagle

A

the naturalist- to keep track of plants and animals along the way

he was also the ships educated gentleman

23
Q

overall purpose of the HMS beagle

A

mapping expedition

24
Q

Drawin did not come on the voyage as an evolutionist BUT

A

finches allowed him to recognize evolution an natural selection was a thing

25
Q

Darwin’s finches

A

beak shape varied on where they lived an the food available- adapted to specific environments

26
Q

what did Darwin pull together his theories with

A

Lyell and Hutton- Earth old, gradualism
Cuvier- fossils resemble living forms
Malthus- ideas about reproduction, populations and variation
Linnaeus and Lamarck- species are related and species can change

27
Q

why did darwin take a while to publish on the origin of species

A

because he recognized that his ideas were revolutionary but also recognized the implications that came from species not being of divine creation

28
Q

alfred russel wallace

A

independantly discovered natural selection through an exploratory journey to indonesia and sent his findings to darwin

29
Q

How did darwin publish his findings

A

in conjunction with wallace

30
Q

mendelian traits

A

traits controlled by a single pair of genes

31
Q

how many human traits are known to be inherited according to mendelian principles

A

over 19000