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Anthro > Living Primates > Flashcards

Living Primates Flashcards

1
Q

mammal characteristics

A

produce milk, usually birth live young, hair or fur, specialized teeth

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2
Q

obligate carnivores

A

have to eat meat fo essential nutrition

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3
Q

obligate carnivore examples

A

cats not dogs

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4
Q

primates are an ______________ that evolved for ______________

A

order of mammals

a special life in trees

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5
Q

primates live primarily in

A

trees

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6
Q

primate species that dont live in trees

A

gorillas spend little waking time in trees due to large size, but they usually sleep in trees

some baboons also are adapted to living on the ground but they retreat to trees

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7
Q

worst tree climbers of all primates

A

humans- only ones truly adapted to living on the ground

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8
Q

anthropoid primates

A

higher primates like monkeys apes and humans

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9
Q

characteristics of anthropoid primates

A

larger bodies and longer lifespans

relatively large brains compared to body size

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10
Q

biological species require the ability to _____________ to classify them which presents an issue with ____________

A

observe mating behaviour

dealing with fossil specimen

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11
Q

biological definition of dpecies

A

two individuals who can mate to produce living and fertile pffspring

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12
Q

two things we can look at in fossil record

A

analogy and homology

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13
Q

analogies

A

traits similar in different species because theyve adapted in the same direction

ex. wings in mammals, bats, insects and birds

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14
Q

use of analogous structures

A

not usedful, more so answers to the evolutionary problem of how different things get to the same path

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15
Q

homologies

A

traits that are similar because theyre found in species with a common ancestor

ex. shows bats are more closely related to us than insects as they have a radius, ulna and fingers in wing

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16
Q

what are homologous structures useful for

A

determining ancestral relationships

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17
Q

example of homologous traits in primates

A

opposable thumb and big toe in different primates

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18
Q

plesiomorphies

A

ancestral traits

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19
Q

apomorphies

A

traits that have changed from the ancestral conditions

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20
Q

linneaus did not believe in

A

evolution

thus he didnt view traits as evolving from one another, just classified them as similarities

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21
Q

condition of plesiomorphy and apomorphy depends on

A

point of view

within a group something may be ancestral or be derived from a group

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22
Q

two types of apomorphies

A

synapomorphies

autapomorphy

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23
Q

synapomorphies

A

shared derived traits

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24
Q

autapomorphy

A

unique derived traits

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25
Q

cladogram

A

maps shared traits and ancestral relationships

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26
Q

cladistics

A

emphasizes derived traits and gives less consideration to ancestral traits

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27
Q

evolutionary systematics

A

emphasizes ancestral and derived traits

28
Q

example of apomorphies and plesiomorphies in primates and humans

A

opposable thumbs and toes in primates is a plesiomorphy

humans having non opposable big toes is an apomorphy

29
Q

how does funding impact species designation

A

bigger grants for diving an organism into different spcies than lumping them with the same

30
Q

why is classification of species from fossils hard

A

can’t resort to genetics and professionals have different opinions on species

31
Q

do primates have unique features

A

no, they have generalized mammalian traits

32
Q

placental mammals all have

A

bigger brain compared to body sizes

33
Q

most skeletal features of primates reflect

A

arboreal existence

34
Q

features of primates adapted for living in trees

A 
grasping hands
tactile pads
opposable thumbs
rotating forearm
opposable feet
35
Q

finger prints increase

A

sensitivity- allow humans and primates to feel what they are manipulating

36
Q

how are nails in humans and primates different

A

flattened in order to give us tactile pads that let us feel what were manipulating

37
Q

what type of grip comes first in infant development

A

power grip and then precision grip

38
Q

how is human precision grip more advanced

A

can pick up things between thumbs and tip of index- can pick up tiny things like hair

39
Q

primate hands

A

mobile joints, precision and power grips

primate hands are very similar to human hands

40
Q

how is primate skeletal structure adapted for enhanced vision

A

no snout in the middle of vision obstructing sight- flat nose area
solid eye sockets completely encased in bone except for the front side

41
Q

how are human faces even more adapted for vision than primates

A

lower face is also flat

42
Q

what does solid eye socket of primates tell us

A

that vision is VERY important to them

43
Q

human feet and primate feet have the same number of

A

bones also have the same bones

44
Q

different between primate and human feet

A

primate feet are opposable- humans are adapted to bipedalism and lost this ability

45
Q

difference between primate and human spine

A

primate spine is like a C with one curve and human spines are shaped like an S

46
Q

how does the S shaped spine serve humans

A

extra lumbar curve and neck curve allows us to stand upright and not be curved downwards towards ground

47
Q

what does the double curvature spine allow us to do

A

stand upright, but leaves us prone to backaches

48
Q

how do teeth tell us about the creature and its adaptation

A

its the one place where skeletal system interacts directly with the environment

49
Q

humans are in the process of losin

A

wisdom teeth- happening fast enough that it will look like different species in fossil record

50
Q

how are human jaws evolving

A

getting smaller faster than teeth are getting faster

51
Q

prosimians inscisors

A

adapted to being tilted out to almost horizontal- useful for grooming but not eating

called a dental comb

52
Q

most monkeys have _________ molars

A

biphondant

look like two teeth squished together

53
Q

apes and humans molar pattern

A

Y-5 molars

54
Q

where does the Y-5 name come from

A

5 cusps

55
Q

ape characteristics

A

relatively large brains, fairly long arms, short broad trunks and no tails, flat and rounded molars, Y-5 molars

56
Q

difference between human and apes

A

our arms have gotten shorter

57
Q

old world monkeys canines

A

project below the length of tooth row

useful for defence and as tools

bigger in males than females

58
Q

how have human canines evolved

A

reduced down to length of tooth row very early on

useful because they make speech easier- more freedom of movement

59
Q

why is human canine adaptation weird

A

because the adaptation happened before any indication humans were using spoken language

possibly as a result of hands replacing teeth as tools

60
Q

primate canines

A

lower canine is sharpened by rubbing against upper canine

61
Q

diastema

A

primates have gap in front of upper canine where lower canines fit

62
Q

suspensory locomotive pattern

A

hanging from arms (usually done by smaller bodied primates)

63
Q

orthograde locomotive pattern

A

quadrupedal walking, hands and feet flat on surface

64
Q

brachiation locomotive pattern

A

movement through trees dangling from arms- smaller monekys

65
Q

knuckle walking locomotive pattern

A

walking on second joint of hand- only found in apes

Anthro (12 decks)

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