Living Primates

Question 1

mammal characteristics

Answer 1

produce milk, usually birth live young, hair or fur, specialized teeth

Question 2

obligate carnivores

Answer 2

have to eat meat fo essential nutrition

Question 3

obligate carnivore examples

Answer 3

cats not dogs

Question 4

primates are an ______________ that evolved for ______________

Answer 4

order of mammals

a special life in trees

Question 5

primates live primarily in

Answer 5

trees

Question 6

primate species that dont live in trees

Answer 6

gorillas spend little waking time in trees due to large size, but they usually sleep in trees

some baboons also are adapted to living on the ground but they retreat to trees

Question 7

worst tree climbers of all primates

Answer 7

humans- only ones truly adapted to living on the ground

Question 8

anthropoid primates

Answer 8

higher primates like monkeys apes and humans

Question 9

characteristics of anthropoid primates

Answer 9

larger bodies and longer lifespans

relatively large brains compared to body size

Question 10

biological species require the ability to _____________ to classify them which presents an issue with ____________

Answer 10

observe mating behaviour

dealing with fossil specimen

Question 11

biological definition of dpecies

Answer 11

two individuals who can mate to produce living and fertile pffspring

Question 12

two things we can look at in fossil record

Answer 12

analogy and homology

Question 13

analogies

Answer 13

traits similar in different species because theyve adapted in the same direction

ex. wings in mammals, bats, insects and birds

Question 14

use of analogous structures

Answer 14

not usedful, more so answers to the evolutionary problem of how different things get to the same path

Question 15

homologies

Answer 15

traits that are similar because theyre found in species with a common ancestor

ex. shows bats are more closely related to us than insects as they have a radius, ulna and fingers in wing

Question 16

what are homologous structures useful for

Answer 16

determining ancestral relationships

Question 17

example of homologous traits in primates

Answer 17

opposable thumb and big toe in different primates

Question 18

plesiomorphies

Answer 18

ancestral traits

Question 19

apomorphies

Answer 19

traits that have changed from the ancestral conditions

Question 20

linneaus did not believe in

Answer 20

evolution

thus he didnt view traits as evolving from one another, just classified them as similarities

Question 21

condition of plesiomorphy and apomorphy depends on

Answer 21

point of view

within a group something may be ancestral or be derived from a group

Question 22

two types of apomorphies

Answer 22

synapomorphies

autapomorphy

Question 23

synapomorphies

Answer 23

shared derived traits

Question 24

autapomorphy

Answer 24

unique derived traits

Question 25

cladogram

Answer 25

maps shared traits and ancestral relationships

Question 26

cladistics

Answer 26

emphasizes derived traits and gives less consideration to ancestral traits

Question 27

evolutionary systematics

Answer 27

emphasizes ancestral and derived traits

Question 28

example of apomorphies and plesiomorphies in primates and humans

Answer 28

opposable thumbs and toes in primates is a plesiomorphy | humans having non opposable big toes is an apomorphy

Question 29

how does funding impact species designation

Answer 29

bigger grants for diving an organism into different spcies than lumping them with the same

Question 30

why is classification of species from fossils hard

Answer 30

can't resort to genetics and professionals have different opinions on species

Question 31

do primates have unique features

Answer 31

no, they have generalized mammalian traits

Question 32

placental mammals all have

Answer 32

bigger brain compared to body sizes

Question 33

most skeletal features of primates reflect

Answer 33

arboreal existence

Question 34

features of primates adapted for living in trees

Answer 34

``` grasping hands tactile pads opposable thumbs rotating forearm opposable feet ```

Question 35

finger prints increase

Answer 35

sensitivity- allow humans and primates to feel what they are manipulating

Question 36

how are nails in humans and primates different

Answer 36

flattened in order to give us tactile pads that let us feel what were manipulating

Question 37

what type of grip comes first in infant development

Answer 37

power grip and then precision grip

Question 38

how is human precision grip more advanced

Answer 38

can pick up things between thumbs and tip of index- can pick up tiny things like hair

Question 39

primate hands

Answer 39

mobile joints, precision and power grips primate hands are very similar to human hands

Question 40

how is primate skeletal structure adapted for enhanced vision

Answer 40

no snout in the middle of vision obstructing sight- flat nose area solid eye sockets completely encased in bone except for the front side

Question 41

how are human faces even more adapted for vision than primates

Answer 41

lower face is also flat

Question 42

what does solid eye socket of primates tell us

Answer 42

that vision is VERY important to them

Question 43

human feet and primate feet have the same number of

Answer 43

bones also have the same bones

Question 44

different between primate and human feet

Answer 44

primate feet are opposable- humans are adapted to bipedalism and lost this ability

Question 45

difference between primate and human spine

Answer 45

primate spine is like a C with one curve and human spines are shaped like an S

Question 46

how does the S shaped spine serve humans

Answer 46

extra lumbar curve and neck curve allows us to stand upright and not be curved downwards towards ground

Question 47

what does the double curvature spine allow us to do

Answer 47

stand upright, but leaves us prone to backaches

Question 48

how do teeth tell us about the creature and its adaptation

Answer 48

its the one place where skeletal system interacts directly with the environment

Question 49

humans are in the process of losin

Answer 49

wisdom teeth- happening fast enough that it will look like different species in fossil record

Question 50

how are human jaws evolving

Answer 50

getting smaller faster than teeth are getting faster

Question 51

prosimians inscisors

Answer 51

adapted to being tilted out to almost horizontal- useful for grooming but not eating called a dental comb

Question 52

most monkeys have _________ molars

Answer 52

biphondant | look like two teeth squished together

Question 53

apes and humans molar pattern

Answer 53

Y-5 molars

Question 54

where does the Y-5 name come from

Answer 54

5 cusps

Question 55

ape characteristics

Answer 55

relatively large brains, fairly long arms, short broad trunks and no tails, flat and rounded molars, Y-5 molars

Question 56

difference between human and apes

Answer 56

our arms have gotten shorter

Question 57

old world monkeys canines

Answer 57

project below the length of tooth row useful for defence and as tools bigger in males than females

Question 58

how have human canines evolved

Answer 58

reduced down to length of tooth row very early on useful because they make speech easier- more freedom of movement

Question 59

why is human canine adaptation weird

Answer 59

because the adaptation happened before any indication humans were using spoken language possibly as a result of hands replacing teeth as tools

Question 60

primate canines

Answer 60

lower canine is sharpened by rubbing against upper canine

Question 61

diastema

Answer 61

primates have gap in front of upper canine where lower canines fit

Question 62

suspensory locomotive pattern

Answer 62

hanging from arms (usually done by smaller bodied primates)

Question 63

orthograde locomotive pattern

Answer 63

quadrupedal walking, hands and feet flat on surface

Question 64

brachiation locomotive pattern

Answer 64

movement through trees dangling from arms- smaller monekys

Question 65

knuckle walking locomotive pattern

Answer 65

walking on second joint of hand- only found in apes